<trans-title>Examining the effects of the multi-scale built environment on residents′ CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from commuting: An empirical study of Guangzhou</trans-title>

Wenyue YANG; Feiwen LIANG; Xiaoshu CAO

doi:10.11821/dlyj020190566

Geographical Research, Volume. 39, Issue 7, 1625(2020)

Examining the effects of the multi-scale built environment on residents′ CO₂ emissions from commuting: An empirical study of Guangzhou

Wenyue YANG¹, Feiwen LIANG², and Xiaoshu CAO^3,4、*

Author Affiliations

¹College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China

²School of Economics and Management, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China

³Institute of Transport Geography and Spatial Planning, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China

⁴Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China

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Figures & Tables(9)

Fig. 1. Spatial distribution and different research scales for the neighborhoods surveyed

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Fig. 2. The calculating process of commuting distance in different travel modes

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Fig. 3. Distribution characteristics of residents′ CO₂ emissions from commuting among neighborhoods

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Fig. 4. Differences in the random effects of neighborhoods′ impact on residents′ CO₂ emissions from commuting

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Table 1. Sample distribution and built environments for the neighborhoods surveyed

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Table 1. Sample distribution and built environments for the neighborhoods surveyed

社区	所属行政区	常住人口(人)	样本数（个）	研究尺度	到城市中心的距离(km)	居住人口密度(人/km²)	土地利用混合度	公交站密度(个/km²)	地铁站密度(个/km²)	路网密度(km/km²)
富力社区	荔湾区	8831	63	尺度一	8.93	114489	0.54	8.91	0.68	8.93
				尺度二	8.62	76456	0.52	9.50	0.73	9.35
				尺度三	8.94	51399	0.54	8.68	0.64	8.79
五羊社区	越秀区	14110	88	尺度一	1.31	39885	0.57	6.28	1.05	7.63
				尺度二	2.37	26730	0.44	6.51	0.61	8.22
				尺度三	1.31	17929	0.51	6.31	0.91	7.75
逸景翠园	海珠区	13979	75	尺度一	4.54	24695	0.48	6.89	0.23	6.99
				尺度二	4.90	35726	0.37	7.68	0.36	7.31
				尺度三	4.52	29414	0.35	7.06	0.28	6.89
光大花园	海珠区	17466	102	尺度一	7.89	32147	0.18	6.09	0.36	7.97
				尺度二	7.46	45427	0.27	6.71	0.47	8.19
				尺度三	7.92	30684	0.25	6.33	0.37	8.08
芳草园	天河区	4230	39	尺度一	2.86	63200	0.35	7.72	0.67	7.28
				尺度二	2.66	44470	0.58	7.10	0.57	7.53
				尺度三	2.86	30830	0.57	7.31	0.67	7.32
骏景社区	天河区	12320	109	尺度一	6.24	13827	0.36	4.85	0.36	6.43
				尺度二	4.64	13634	0.44	5.97	0.24	6.78
				尺度三	6.26	23922	0.39	4.72	0.32	6.18
中海康城	天河区	8016	69	尺度一	8.16	17580	0.27	4.56	0.21	5.86
				尺度二	9.10	4628	0.34	4.23	0.13	4.89
				尺度三	8.17	10099	0.34	4.60	0.19	5.62
汇侨社区	白云区	15044	121	尺度一	11.22	56825	0.47	8.07	0.02	8.68
				尺度二	10.53	20983	0.37	7.46	0.14	8.22
				尺度三	11.21	24475	0.39	7.73	0.06	8.73
富力城花园	白云区	4372	41	尺度一	15.62	10343	0.27	5.70	0.00	4.78
				尺度二	16.10	6449	0.23	4.22	0.01	3.31
				尺度三	15.63	7504	0.23	5.24	0.00	4.37
金碧社区	黄埔区	10685	89	尺度一	10.62	63149	0.40	4.75	0.10	5.38
				尺度二	11.48	7560	0.12	4.00	0.15	4.12
				尺度三	10.62	9215	0.27	4.79	0.12	4.88
万科城市花园	黄埔区	4747	34	尺度一	14.44	29717	0.25	4.45	0.29	4.48
				尺度二	15.70	4630	0.20	2.11	0.10	3.55
				尺度三	14.45	7196	0.40	4.16	0.23	4.18
洛溪新城	番禺区	12599	109	尺度一	8.90	13938	0.25	5.15	0.25	4.81
				尺度二	9.44	3469	0.22	3.00	0.11	3.63
				尺度三	8.84	4141	0.28	4.63	0.22	4.99
丽江花园	番禺区	11056	95	尺度一	9.98	9989	0.41	5.32	0.21	4.42
				尺度二	9.44	3469	0.22	3.00	0.11	3.63
				尺度三	9.99	6375	0.34	4.62	0.18	4.34
祈福新村	番禺区	27136	159	尺度一	17.38	6980	0.25	1.38	0.00	2.83
				尺度二	15.72	2060	0.25	1.48	0.01	1.95
				尺度三	17.40	5278	0.32	1.83	0.01	2.82
东怡社区	番禺区	7874	46	尺度一	21.83	20503	0.57	3.52	0.12	4.31
				尺度二	22.02	1790	0.23	2.23	0.03	2.37
				尺度三	21.84	10348	0.44	3.96	0.09	4.26
合计		172465	1239

Table 2. Distribution of social and economic attributes for the sample population

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Table 2. Distribution of social and economic attributes for the sample population

指标（变量,单位）	指标水平说明	样本数（个）	比例（%）
性别（GENDER,-）	0：男	694	56.01
性别（GENDER,-）	1：女	545	43.99
年龄（AGE,岁）	1：16~24	137	11.06
	2：25~34	605	48.83
	3：35~44	426	34.38
	4：≥ 45	71	5.73
家庭规模（HS,人）	1：1	39	3.15
	2：2	140	11.30
	3：3	429	34.62
	4：4	355	28.65
	5：≥ 5	276	22.28
拥有16岁以下的小孩（CHILD,-）	0：没有	414	33.41
拥有16岁以下的小孩（CHILD,-）	1：有	825	66.59
学历（EDU,-）	1：高中（含中专、职高）及以下	151	12.19
	2：大专	357	28.81
	3：本科	551	44.47
	4：研究生及以上	180	14.53
户籍（HR,-）	0：外地	584	47.13
户籍（HR,-）	1：本地（广州）	655	52.87
家庭人均月收入（INCOME,元）	1：≤ 3999	129	10.41
	2：4000~5999	221	17.84
	3：6000~7999	208	16.79
	4：8000~9999	202	16.30
	5：10000~15000	208	16.79
	6：>15000	271	21.87
小汽车拥有（CAR,-）	0：没有	488	39.39
小汽车拥有（CAR,-）	1：有	751	60.61
自行车拥有（BIKE,-）	0：没有	429	34.62
自行车拥有（BIKE,-）	1：有	810	65.38

Table 3. Specific energy consumption and CO₂ emission factor for motorized travel modes

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Table 3. Specific energy consumption and CO₂ emission factor for motorized travel modes

机动化出行方式	最终能源消耗（L/100 km, kWh/km）	容量（人）	一次能源消耗（MJ/Pkm）	碳排放因子EF（g/Pkm）
小汽车（出租车）	11.0	1.3	0.84	233.1
公交车	35.0	40.0	0.35	26.0
班车（楼巴）	30.0	44.0	0.27	20.3
地铁	5.0	216.0	0.26	20.9

Table 4. Model estimation results of the effects of multi-scale residential built environment on residents' CO₂ emissions from commuting

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Table 4. Model estimation results of the effects of multi-scale residential built environment on residents' CO₂ emissions from commuting

	模型1	模型2	模型3	模型4
个体尺度变量
AP1	27.0162	14.3191	26.5988	19.8548
AP2	28.7874	26.5083	15.3102	24.5177
AP3	30.1147	20.9674	24.8029	30.0696
AP4	-40.7247	-25.0515	-45.0258	-44.7375
AP5	-129.1811*	-132.6503*	-113.6033*	-126.0231*
AP6	361.9357***	368.1032***	360.8664***	366.1136***
AP7	-131.6832*	-136.8782*	-136.8357*	-142.9529*
GENDER	-311.4853***	-283.6218***	-299.8431***	-313.0708***
AGE	187.5015***	184.1566***	191.0341***	190.1026***
HS	1.5238	1.4895	7.0559	6.8284
CHILD	84.2960	87.2285	77.1349	83.3836
EDU	-5.2603	-13.0242	-10.4170	-10.9997
HR	199.2319*	188.5969*	201.9674*	185.4167*
INCOME	82.2795**	82.0098**	83.8621**	80.1377**
CAR	734.7905***	745.1148***	716.3562***	726.8929***
BIKE	-61.8951	-62.3969	-51.8799	-44.6196
社区尺度变量
DC₁		0.0510**
RD₁		-0.0055*
LUM₁		-893.8533
BSD₁		302.4923***
MSD₁		308.0092
RND₁		-248.7261***
街道尺度变量
DC₂			-0.0004
RD₂			0.0049
LUM₂			-386.7136
BSD₂			117.3472
MSD₂			-593.7092
RND₂			-180.9338
1 km缓冲范围尺度变量
DC₃				0.0407*
RD₃				-0.0142*
LUM₃				-1459.1270
BSD₃				266.3485***
MSD₃				511.8110
RND₃				-196.9419**
整体截距项	-1283.1370**	-1459.7630**	-656.8980	-1198.1770
随机截距项标准差	296.0624	1.0043e-04	152.8091	55.7814
Log likelihood	-6783.6177	-6770.1713	-6778.1210	-6774.5890

Table 5. Model estimation results of the effects of workplace built environment on residents' CO₂ emissions from commuting

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Table 5. Model estimation results of the effects of workplace built environment on residents' CO₂ emissions from commuting

	模型5	模型6	模型7
个体尺度变量
AP1	25.2303	15.1263
AP2	33.3261	31.6468
AP3	25.8596	16.9444
AP4	-33.1808	-19.3989
AP5	-128.7016*	-129.1220**	-131.7649**
AP6	353.7867***	359.9583***	370.8355***
AP7	-133.8098*	-139.5642*	-141.5359**
GENDER	-314.5223***	-281.9345***	-277.3545***
AGE	177.4332**	172.8170**	198.2398***
HS	-8.2653	-8.8784
CHILD	97.6867	106.1256
EDU	-9.8654	-19.6187
HR	188.8895*	175.5465*	176.6169*
INCOME	85.4567**	82.5496**	78.2263**
CAR	739.2698***	752.5380***	750.5512***
BIKE	-58.7123	-55.1057
居住地建成环境
DC₁		0.0542**	0.0461***
RD₁		-0.0063**	-0.0068**
LUM₁		-944.9631
BSD₁		330.5942***	297.2532***
MSD₁		242.3151
RND₁		-238.0425***	-233.2642***
工作地建成环境
DC_work	0.0198	0.0184
RD_work	0.0012	0.0016
LUM_work	257.7178	214.2421
BSD_work	-47.7365	-48.7330
MSD_work	327.4418*	348.2815**	208.4993*
RND_work	-26.0990	-21.3677	-61.8349**
整体截距项	-1204.4360*	-1593.0720**	-1259.2970**
随机截距项标准差	304.9182	1.0049e-04	70.7000e-08
Log likelihood	-6778.5740	-6765.6044	-6769.1542

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Wenyue YANG, Feiwen LIANG, Xiaoshu CAO. Examining the effects of the multi-scale built environment on residents′ CO₂ emissions from commuting: An empirical study of Guangzhou[J]. Geographical Research, 2020, 39(7): 1625

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Paper Information

Received: Jul. 8, 2019

Accepted: --

Published Online: Apr. 23, 2021

The Author Email: CAO Xiaoshu (caoxsh@snnu.edu.cn)

DOI:10.11821/dlyj020190566

Topics

Resource Economy

Research Articles

Table 1. Sample distribution and built environments for the neighborhoods surveyed

Table 1. Sample distribution and built environments for the neighborhoods surveyed

Table 2. Distribution of social and economic attributes for the sample population

Table 2. Distribution of social and economic attributes for the sample population

Table 3. Specific energy consumption and CO2 emission factor for motorized travel modes

Table 3. Specific energy consumption and CO2 emission factor for motorized travel modes

Table 4. Model estimation results of the effects of multi-scale residential built environment on residents' CO2 emissions from commuting

Table 4. Model estimation results of the effects of multi-scale residential built environment on residents' CO2 emissions from commuting

Table 5. Model estimation results of the effects of workplace built environment on residents' CO2 emissions from commuting

Table 5. Model estimation results of the effects of workplace built environment on residents' CO2 emissions from commuting

Table 3. Specific energy consumption and CO₂ emission factor for motorized travel modes

Table 3. Specific energy consumption and CO₂ emission factor for motorized travel modes

Table 4. Model estimation results of the effects of multi-scale residential built environment on residents' CO₂ emissions from commuting

Table 4. Model estimation results of the effects of multi-scale residential built environment on residents' CO₂ emissions from commuting

Table 5. Model estimation results of the effects of workplace built environment on residents' CO₂ emissions from commuting

Table 5. Model estimation results of the effects of workplace built environment on residents' CO₂ emissions from commuting