Diagnosis and simulation of Penning source in associated neutron tube

spectrum	energy level transition	$ {E_{ij}} $/eV	$ {\lambda _{ij}} $/nm	$ {g_{ij}} $	A_ij/(A·s)	spectral correction factor	strength
$ {{\text{H}}_\alpha } $	3→2	1.51	656	48	4.41e7	0.001002245	24228
$ {{\text{H}}_{\text{β}} } $	4→2	0.85	486	32	8.42e6	0.00595114	2327

Table 2. Main collision reactions considered in Penning ion sources

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Table 2. Main collision reactions considered in Penning ion sources

collision reaction	energy threshold E/eV	collision type
$ {\text{e}} + {{\text{H}}_2} \to {\text{e}} + 2{\text{H}} $	9.2	dissociation
$ {\text{e}} + {\text{H}}_2^{} \to 2{\text{e}} + {\text{H}}_{}^ + + {\text{H}} $	18.0	dissociation ionization
$ {\text{e}} + {\text{H}} \to 2{\text{e}} + {\text{H}}_2^ + $	15.4	ionization
$ {\text{e}} + {\text{H}}_2^{} \to 3{\text{e}} + 2{\text{H}}_{}^ + $	23.0	dissociation ionization
$ {\text{e}} + {\text{H}} \to 2{\text{e}} + {\text{H}}_{}^ + {\text{ }} $	13.6	ionization
$ {\text{e}} + {\text{H}}_2^ + \to {\text{e}} + {\text{H}} + {\text{H}}_{}^ + $	2.4	dissociation
$ {\text{e}} + {\text{H}}_2^ + \to 2{\text{e + 2}}{{\text{H}}^ + } $	14.7	dissociation ionization
$ {\text{e}} + {\text{H}}_2^ + \to {\text{e + }}{{\text{H}}^*} + {{\text{H}}^ + } $	14.0	dissociation excitation
$ {\text{e}} + {\text{H}}_3^ + \to {\text{e + }}2{\text{H}} + {{\text{H}}^ + } $	14.0	dissociation
$ {\text{e}} + {\text{H}}_3^ + \to 3{\text{H}} $	0.0	dissociation recombination

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Longjian Ye, Pan Dong, Jie Li, Dongdong Zhang, Yuhang Chen, Zhijie Hu. Diagnosis and simulation of Penning source in associated neutron tube[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2024, 36(9): 094002

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