[1] F BRAY, M LAVERSANNE, H SUNG et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 74, 229-263(2024).

[2] A PREETI, G SAMEER, S KULRANJAN et al. Intra-operative frozen sections: Experience at a tertiary care centre. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP, 17, 5057-5061(2016).

[3] P P PHULGIRKAR, S D DAKHURE. The diagnostic accuracy of frozen section compared to routine histological technique-A comparative study. Int J Sci Healthcare Res, 3, 88-92(2018).

[4] J YAO, L V WANG. Photoacoustic microscopy. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 7, 758-778(2013).

[5] D HUANG, E A SWANSON, C P LIN et al. Optical coherence tomography. Science, 254, 1178-1181(1991).

[6] E A SWANSON, J A IZATT, C P LIN et al. In vivo retinal imaging by optical coherence tomography. Optics Letters, 18, 1864-1866(1993).

[7] A ZUMBUSCH, G R HOLTOM, X S XIE. Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Physical Review Letters, 82, 4142(1999).

[8] C W FREUDIGER, W MIN, B G SAAR et al. Label-free biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Science, 322, 1857-1861(2008).

[9] W DENK, J H STRICKLER, W W WEBB. Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. Science, 248, 73-76(1990).

[10] T ZHANG, O HERNANDEZ, R CHRAPKIEWICZ et al. Kilohertz two-photon brain imaging in awake mice. Nature Methods, 16, 1119-1122(2019).

[11] M R TSAI, S Y CHEN, D B SHIEH et al. In vivo optical virtual biopsy of human oral mucosa with harmonic generation microscopy. Biomed Opt Express, 2, 2317-2328(2011).

[12] N V KUZMIN, P WESSELING, P C HAMER et al. Third harmonic generation imaging for fast, label-free pathology of human brain tumors. Biomed Opt Express, 7, 1889-904(2016).

[13] [13] YE S, ZOU J, HUANG C, et al. Rapid labelfree histological imaging of unprocessed surgical tissues via darkfield reflectance ultraviolet microscopy[J]. iScience , 2023, 26(1): 105849.

[14] L LIN, L V WANG. The emerging role of photoacoustic imaging in clinical oncology. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 19, 365-384(2022).

[15] P WRAY, L LIN, P HU et al. Photoacoustic computed tomography of human extremities. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 24, 026003(2019).

[16] L LIN, P HU, J SHI et al. Single-breath-hold photoacoustic computed tomography of the breast. Nature Communications, 9, 2352(2018).

[17] S Y CHUAH, A B E ATTIA, V LONG et al. Structural and functional 3D mapping of skin tumours with non‐invasive multispectral optoacoustic tomography. Skin Research and Technology, 23, 221-226(2017).

[18] A BREATHNACH, E CONCANNON, J J DORAIRAJ et al. Preoperative measurement of cutaneous melanoma and nevi thickness with photoacoustic imaging. Journal of Medical Imaging, 5, 015004(2018).

[19] D-K YAO, K MASLOV, K K SHUNG et al. In vivo label-free photoacoustic microscopy of cell nuclei by excitation of DNA and RNA. Optics Letters, 35, 4139-4141(2010).

[20] H ZHAN, C SUN, M XU et al. Analysis of intraoperative microscopy imaging techniques and their future applications. Frontiers in Physics, 10, 991279(2022).

[21] L WANG, K MASLOV, J YAO et al. Fast voice-coil scanning optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. Optics Letters, 36, 139-141(2011).

[22] X LI, L KANG, Y ZHANG et al. High-speed label-free ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy for histology-like imaging of unprocessed biological tissues. Optics Letters, 45, 5401-5404(2020).

[23] J YAO, C-H HUANG, L WANG et al. Wide-field fast-scanning photoacoustic microscopy based on a water-immersible MEMS scanning mirror. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 17, 080505(2012).

[24] T IMAI, J SHI, T T W WONG et al. High-throughput ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy with multifocal excitation. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 23, 036007(2018).

[25] O M CARRASCO-ZEVALLOS, C VIEHLAND, B KELLER et al. Review of intraoperative optical coherence tomography: technology and applications. Biomedical Optics Express, 8, 1607-1637(2017).

[26] , 13, 919-935(2020).

[27] M WOJTKOWSKI, R LEITGEB, A KOWALCZYK et al. In vivo human retinal imaging by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 7, 457-463(2002).

[28] L AN, P LI, T T SHEN et al. High speed spectral domain optical coherence tomography for retinal imaging at 500 000 A-lines per second. Biomedical Optics Express, 2, 2770-2783(2011).

[29] M GORA, K KARNOWSKI, M SZKULMOWSKI et al. Ultra high-speed swept source OCT imaging of the anterior segment of human eye at 200 kHz with adjustable imaging range. Optics Express, 17, 14880-14894(2009).

[30] J G FUJIMOTO, M E BREZINSKI, G J TEARNEY et al. Optical biopsy and imaging using optical coherence tomography. Nature Medicine, 1, 970-972(1995).

[31] N T SHAKED, S A BOPPART, L V WANG et al. Label-free biomedical optical imaging. Nature photonics, 17, 1031-1041(2023).

[32] A M ROLLINS, M D KULKARNI, S YAZDANFAR et al. In vivo video rate optical coherence tomography. Optics Express, 3, 219-229(1998).

[33] B POTSAID, B BAUMANN, D HUANG et al. Ultrahigh speed 1 050 nm swept source/Fourier domain OCT retinal and anterior segment imaging at 100 000 to 400 000 axial scans per second. Optics Express, 18, 20029-20048(2010).

[34] X SHU, L BECKMANN, H F ZHANG. Visible-light optical coherence tomography: a review. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 22, 121707(2017).

[35] D T MILLER, O P KOCAOGLU, Q WANG et al. Adaptive optics and the eye (super resolution OCT). Eye, 25, 321-330(2011).

[36] MANEN L Van, J DIJKSTRA, C BOCCARA et al. The clinical usefulness of optical coherence tomography during cancer interventions. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 144, 1967-1990(2018).

[37] O ASSAYAG, M ANTOINE, B SIGAL-ZAFRANI et al. Large field, high resolution full-field optical coherence tomography: a pre-clinical study of human breast tissue and cancer assessment. Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment, 13, 455-468(2014).

[38] C V RAMAN. A change of wave-length in light scattering. Nature, 121, 619(1928).

[39] M D DUNCAN, J REINTJES, T J MANUCCIA. Scanning coherent anti-Stokes Raman microscope. Optics Letters, 7, 350-352(1982).

[40] M JI, D A ORRINGER, C W FREUDIGER et al. Rapid, label-free detection of brain tumors with stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Science Translational Medicine, 5, 201ra119(2013).

[41] [41] BI Y, YANG C, CHEN Y, et al. Nearresonance enhanced labelfree stimulated Raman scattering microscopy with spatial resolution near 130 nm[J]. Light : Science & Applications , 2018, 7(1): 81.

[42] L GONG, W ZHENG, Y MA et al. Higher-order coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy realizes label-free super-resolution vibrational imaging. Nature Photonics, 14, 115-122(2020).

[43] L GONG, H WANG. Breaking the diffraction limit by saturation in stimulated-Raman-scattering microscopy: A theoretical study. Physical Review A, 90, 013818(2014).

[44] W R SILVA, C T GRAEFE, R R FRONTIERA. Toward label-free super-resolution microscopy. ACS Photonics, 3, 79-86(2016).

[45] L GONG, H WANG. Suppression of stimulated Raman scattering by an electromagnetically-induced-transparency–like scheme and its application for super-resolution microscopy. Physical Review A, 92, 023828(2015).

[46] D KIM, D S CHOI, J KWON et al. Selective suppression of stimulated Raman scattering with another competing stimulated Raman scattering. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 8, 6118-6123(2017).

[47] D FU, F-K LU, X ZHANG et al. Quantitative chemical imaging with multiplex stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134, 3623-3626(2012).

[48] F-K LU, M JI, D FU et al. Multicolor stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Molecular Physics, 110, 1927-1932(2012).

[49] R HE, Y XU, L ZHANG et al. Dual-phase stimulated Raman scattering microscopy for real-time two-color imaging. Optica, 4, 44-47(2016).

[50] J XU, D KANG, M XU et al. Multiphoton microscopic imaging of esophagus during the early phase of tumor progression. Scanning: The Journal of Scanning Microscopies, 35, 387-391(2013).

[51] HUIZEN L M G Van, T RADONIC, MOURIK F Van et al. Compact portable multiphoton microscopy reveals histopathological hallmarks of unprocessed lung tumor tissue in real time. Translational Biophotonics, 2, e202000009(2020).

[52] M YING, S ZHUO, G CHEN et al. Real‐time noninvasive optical diagnosis for colorectal cancer using multiphoton microscopy. Scanning, 34, 181-185(2012).

[53] T Y SUN, A M HABERMAN, V GRECO. Preclinical advances with multiphoton microscopy in live imaging of skin cancers. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 137, 282-287(2017).

[54] N G HORTON, K WANG, D KOBAT et al. In vivo three-photon microscopy of subcortical structures within an intact mouse brain. Nature photonics, 7, 205-209(2013).

[55] X CHEN, S TONG, W ZHANG et al. In vivo three-photon microscopy of mouse brain excited at the 2 200 nm window. ACS Photonics, 8, 2898-2903(2021).

[56] J WU, N JI, K K TSIA. Speed scaling in multiphoton fluorescence microscopy. Nature Photonics, 15, 800-812(2021).

[57] Q T K LAI, G G K YIP, J WU et al. High-speed laser-scanning biological microscopy using FACED. Nature Protocols, 16, 4227-4264(2021).

[58] J WU, Y LIANG, S CHEN et al. Kilohertz two-photon fluorescence microscopy imaging of neural activity in vivo. Nature methods, 17, 287-290(2020).

[59] M BLOKKER, P C W HAMER, P WESSELING et al. Fast intraoperative histology-based diagnosis of gliomas with third harmonic generation microscopy and deep learning. Scientific Reports, 12, 11334(2022).

[60] H CHEN, H WANG, M N SLIPCHENKO et al. A multimodal platform for nonlinear optical microscopy and microspectroscopy. Optics Express, 17, 1282-1290(2009).

[61] H-W WANG, T T LE, J-X CHENG. Label-free imaging of arterial cells and extracellular matrix using a multimodal CARS microscope. Optics Communications, 281, 1813-1822(2008).

[62] H-W WANG, I M LANGOHR, M STUREK et al. Imaging and quantitative analysis of atherosclerotic lesions by CARS-based multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 29, 1342-1348(2009).

[63] S YOU, R BARKALIFA, E J CHANEY et al. Label-free visualization and characterization of extracellular vesicles in breast cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 24012-24018(2019).

[64] S YOU, H TU, E J CHANEY et al. Intravital imaging by simultaneous label-free autofluorescence-multiharmonic microscopy. Nature Communications, 9, 2125(2018).

[65] Y SUN, S YOU, H TU et al. Intraoperative visualization of the tumor microenvironment and quantification of extracellular vesicles by label-free nonlinear imaging. Science Advances, 4, eaau5603(2018).

[66] L LI, K MASLOV, G KU et al. Three-dimensional combined photoacoustic and optical coherence microscopy for in vivo microcirculation studies. Optics Express, 17, 16450-16455(2009).

[67] [67] QIN W, QI W, JIN T, et al. In vivo al imaging with integrated ptable photoacoustic microscopy optical coherence tomography[J]. Applied Physics Letters , 2017, 111(26): 263704.

[68] Y LIU, M XU, Y DAI et al. NIR-II dual-modal optical coherence tomography and photoacoustic imaging-guided dose-control cancer chemotherapy. ACS Applied Polymer Materials, 2, 1964-1973(2020).

[69] S JIAO, Z XIE, H F ZHANG et al. Simultaneous multimodal imaging with integrated photoacoustic microscopy and optical coherence tomography. Optics Letters, 34, 2961-2963(2009).

[70] W QIN, Q CHEN, L Xi. A handheld microscope integrating photoacoustic microscopy and optical coherence tomography. Biomedical Optics Express, 9, 2205-2213(2018).

[71] [71] Shen B, Liu S, Li Y, et al. Deep learning autofluescenceharmonic microscopy[J]. Light : Science & Applications , 2022, 11(1): 76.

[72] W HOPPE. Diffraction in inhomogeneous primary wave fields. 1. Principle of phase determination from electron diffraction interference. Acta Crystallogr A, 25, 495-501(1969).

[73] R W GERCHBERG, W O SAXTON. A practical algorithm for the determination of phase from image and diffraction plane pictures. Optik, 35, 237-246(1972).

[74] J R FIENUP. Reconstruction of an object from the modulus of its Fourier transform. Optics Letters, 3, 27-29(1978).

[75] J R FIENUP. Phase retrieval algorithms: a comparison. Applied Optics, 21, 2758-2769(1982).

[76] J R FIENUP, C C WACKERMAN. Phase-retrieval stagnation problems and solutions. JOSA A, 3, 1897-1907(1986).

[77] J R FIENUP. Reconstruction of a complex-valued object from the modulus of its Fourier transform using a support constraint. JOSA A, 4, 118-123(1987).

[78] H M L FAULKNER, J M RODENBURG. Movable aperture lensless transmission microscopy: a novel phase retrieval algorithm. Physical Review Letters, 93, 023903(2004).

[79] G ZHENG, R HORSTMEYER, C YANG. Wide-field, high-resolution Fourier ptychographic microscopy. Nature Photonics, 7, 739-745(2013).

[80] S JIANG, P SONG, T WANG et al. Spatial- and Fourier-domain ptychography for high-throughput bio-imaging. Nature Protocols, 18, 2051-2083(2023).

[81] P SONG, C GUO, S JIANG et al. Optofluidic ptychography on a chip. Lab on a Chip, 21, 4549-4556(2021).

[82] S JIANG, C GUO, P SONG et al. Resolution-enhanced parallel coded ptychography for high-throughput optical imaging. ACS Photonics, 8, 3261-3271(2021).

[83] S JIANG, C GUO, T WANG et al. Blood-coated sensor for high-throughput ptychographic cytometry on a blu-ray disc. ACS Sensors, 7, 1058-1067(2022).

[84] S JIANG, C GUO, P SONG et al. High-throughput digital pathology via a handheld, multiplexed, and AI-powered ptychographic whole slide scanner. Lab on a Chip, 22, 2657-2670(2022).

[85] Y FAN, J SUN, Y SHU et al. Efficient synthetic aperture for phaseless fourier ptychographic microscopy with hybrid coherent and incoherent illumination. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 17, 2370010(2023).

[86] S ZHANG, A WANG, J XU et al. FPM-WSI: Fourier ptychographic whole slide imaging via feature-domain backdiffraction. Optica, 11, 634-646(2024).

[87] C GUO, S JIANG, L YANG et al. Depth-multiplexed ptychographic microscopy for high-throughput imaging of stacked bio-specimens on a chip. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 224, 115049(2023).

[88] C GUO, Y HUANG, R HAN et al. Fly-scan high-throughput coded ptychographic microscopy via active micro-vibration and rolling-shutter distortion correction. Optics Express, 32, 8778-8790(2024).

[89] S JIANG, C GUO, Z BIAN et al. Ptychographic sensor for large-scale lensless microbial monitoring with high spatiotemporal resolution. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 196, 113699(2022).

[90] T T W WONG, R ZHANG, P HAI et al. Fast label-free multilayered histology-like imaging of human breast cancer by photoacoustic microscopy. Science AdVances, 3, e1602168(2017).

[91] C APELIAN, F HARMS, O THOUVENIN et al. Dynamic full field optical coherence tomography: subcellular metabolic contrast revealed in tissues by interferometric signals temporal analysis. Biomedical Optics Express, 7, 1511-1524(2016).

[92] H YANG, S ZHANG, P LIU et al. Use of high‐resolution full‐field optical coherence tomography and dynamic cell imaging for rapid intraoperative diagnosis during breast cancer surgery. Cancer, 126, 3847-3856(2020).

[93] L YANG, J PARK, M MARJANOVIC et al. Intraoperative label-free multimodal nonlinear optical imaging for point-of-procedure cancer diagnostics. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 27, 1-12(2021).

[94] , 61, 0618006-0618006-30(2024).

[95] Z WANG, F YANG, H MA et al. Bifocal 532/1064 nm alternately illuminated photoacoustic microscopy for capturing deep vascular morphology in human skin. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 36, 51-59(2022).

[96] Z CHENG, H MA, Z WANG et al. In vivo volumetric monitoring of revascularization of traumatized skin using extended depth-of-field photoacoustic microscopy. Frontiers of Optoelectronics, 13, 307-317(2020).

[97] T GAMBICHLER, P REGENITER, F G BECHARA et al. Characterization of benign and malignant melanocytic skin lesions using optical coherence tomography in vivo. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 57, 629-637(2007).

[98] A RAJABI-ESTARABADI, J M BITTAR, C ZHENG et al. Optical coherence tomography imaging of melanoma skin cancer. Lasers in Medical Science, 34, 411-420(2019).

[99] A DUBOIS, O LEVECQ, H AZIMANI et al. Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography for high-resolution noninvasive imaging of skin tumors. Journal of biomedical optics, 23, 106007(2018).

[100] C RUINI, S SCHUH, C GUST et al. Line‐field optical coherence tomography: in vivo diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma subtypes compared with histopathology. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 46, 1471-1481(2021).

[101] C RUINI, S SCHUH, E SATTLER et al. Line‐field confocal optical coherence tomography—practical applications in dermatology and comparison with established imaging methods. Skin Research and Technology, 27, 340-352(2021).

[102] E DIMITROW, M ZIEMER, M J KOEHLER et al. Sensitivity and specificity of multiphoton laser tomography for in vivo and ex vivo diagnosis of malignant melanoma. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 129, 1752-1758(2009).

[103] M K ABD-ELLAH, A I AWAD, A A M KHALAF et al. A review on brain tumor diagnosis from MRI images: Practical implications, key achievements, and lessons learned. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 61, 300-318(2019).

[104] D A ORRINGER, T CHEN, D-L HUANG et al. The brain tumor window model: a combined cranial window and implanted glioma model for evaluating intraoperative contrast agents. Neurosurgery, 66, 736-743(2010).

[105] C KUT, K L CHAICHANA, J XI et al. Detection of human brain cancer infiltration ex vivo and in vivo using quantitative optical coherence tomography. Science Translational Medicine, 7, 292ra100(2015).

[106] K S YASHIN, E B KISELEVA, E V GUBARKOVA et al. Cross-polarization optical coherence tomography for brain tumor imaging. Frontiers in Oncology, 9, 201(2019).

[107] K S YASHIN, E B KISELEVA, E V GUBARKOVA et al. Multimodal optical coherence tomography for in vivo imaging of brain tissue structure and microvascular network at glioblastoma, 10050, 100500Z(2017).

[108] C L EVANS, X XU, S KESARI et al. Chemically-selective imaging of brain structures with CARS microscopy. Optics Express, 15, 12076-12087(2007).

[109] D A ORRINGER, B PANDIAN, Y S NIKNAFS et al. Rapid intraoperative histology of unprocessed surgical specimens via fibre-laser-based stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 1, 27(2017).

[110] L JIANG, X WANG, Z WU et al. Label-free imaging of brain and brain tumor specimens with combined two-photon excited fluorescence and second harmonic generation microscopy. Laser Physics Letters, 14, 105401(2017).

[111] [111] RONNEBERGER O, FISCHER P, BROX T. U: Convolutional wks f biomedical image segmentation[DBOL]. (20150518) [20240920]. https:arxiv.gabs1505.04597.

[112] [112] FUTREGA M, MILESI A, MARCINKIEWICZ M, et al. Optimized U f brain tum segmentation [C]Brainlesion: Glioma, Multiple Sclerosis, Stroke Traumatic Brain Injuries, 2022: 1529.

[113] P PRADHAN, T MEYER, M VIETH et al. Computational tissue staining of non-linear multimodal imaging using supervised and unsupervised deep learning. Biomedical Optics Express, 12, 2280-2298(2021).