Fig. 1. PM RF/photonic link with an ACP-OPLL phase demodulator.

Fig. 2. ACP phase modulator.

Fig. 3. System model for a PM RF/photonic link.

Fig. 4. SFDR as a function of ϕIP3 and the photocurrent per photodetector.

Fig. 5. ACP-OPLL delay margin versus open loop gain and bandwidth.

Fig. 6. Schematic of a hybrid integrated ACP-OPLL.

Fig. 7. BPD of the hybrid ACP-OPLL.

Fig. 8. ACP-OPLL experiment setup.

Fig. 9. Measured ACP-OPLL OIP3 as a function of photocurrent.

Fig. 10. Output IMD: (a) output of an IM–direct detection (IM-DD) link with a MZ intensity modulator and (b) measured output spectrum of a hybrid ACP-OPLL in an identical modulation index condition.

Fig. 11. SFDR measurements: (a) 50 MHz; (b) 100 MHz; (c) 200 MHz; (d) 300 MHz.

Fig. 12. Schematic of a monolithically integrated ACP-OPLL.

Fig. 13. MQW phase modulator design.

Fig. 14. Push–pull ACP phase modulator pair: (a) top view of a modulator section and (b) modulator cross section.

Fig. 15. (a) HFSS model and (b) simulated RF reflection from the modulator connection stub.

Fig. 16. Phase modulator response. (a) Amplitude response and (b) phase response.

Fig. 17. Balanced counterpropagating waveguide photodetector pair.

Fig. 18. Optical field propagation inside a waveguide photodetector.

Fig. 19. Frequency response of the BPD voltage output (a) with 50 Ω load impedance, (b) with 300 Ω load impedance.

Fig. 20. Simulated performance of the 2×2 MMI 3 dB coupler (217 μm long and 7 μm wide).

Fig. 21. ACP-OPLL PIC.

Fig. 22. Simulated SFDR of the ACP-OPLL PIC with 50 Ω photodetector load impedance.

Fig. 23. Simulated NF of the ACP-OPLL PIC with 50 Ω photodetector load impedance.

Fig. 24. ACP-OPLL phase margin versus photocurrent, assuming 50 Ω photodetector load impedance.

Fig. 25. Microscope image of ACP-OPLL PICs bonded on an AlN subcarrier.

Fig. 26. Two-tone RF input at 200 MHz: (a) output spectrum from the IM-DD link and (b) output spectrum of the ACP-OPLL.