Shotcrete is a widely used material in the fields of construction and civil engineering, and its pore structure has a significant impact on the macroscopic performance and durability of shotcrete. This article summarizes the pore structure models, and elaborates on and compares the testing methods for pore structure. A systematic analysis is conducted on the factors affecting the pore structure of shotcrete, including curing temperature, admixtures, water binder ratio, mineral admixtures, pumping pressure, and time. In depth exploration is conducted on the influence of pore structure on the frost resistance, impermeability, carbonation resistance, and chemical erosion resistance of shotcrete, and prospects are proposed for future research on pore structure of shotcrete.