Spatio-temporal pattern and driving forces of urbanization in China’s border areas

Zhouying SONG; Qiaoling ZHU

doi:10.1007/s11442-020-1755-2

Journal of Geographical Sciences, Volume. 30, Issue 5, 775(2020)

Spatio-temporal pattern and driving forces of urbanization in China’s border areas

Zhouying SONG^1,2,3、* and Qiaoling ZHU^1,2,3

Author Affiliations

¹Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China

²Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

³College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

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Figures & Tables(9)

Fig. 1. Study area (China’s border areas)

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Fig. 2. Changes in average urbanization level by region, 2000-2015

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Fig. 3. Spatial characteristics of urbanization in China’s border areas, 2000-2015

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Fig. 4. Urbanization growth rate in China’s border areas, 2000-2015

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Fig. 5. Spatial characteristics of development types for China’s border areas’ urbanization

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Fig. 6. Interaction detection results of urbanization drivers in China’s border areas

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Fig. 7. Interaction detection results of urbanization drivers in China’s border areas

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Table 1.
Drivers of urban development in China’s border areas and their weights

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Table 1.
Drivers of urban development in China’s border areas and their weights

	Indicator	Units			Description		Data source		Weight
Natural force	Average annual precipitation	mm			Measures the livability of climatic conditions via the average annual precipitation of county-level units		China Meteorological Data Service Center (CMDC)		0.25
	Average annual temperature	℃			Measures the livability of climatic conditions via the average annual temperature of county-level units		China Meteorological Data Service Center (CMDC)		0.25
	Average altitude	km			Measures the topographic conditions in border areas via average elevation of county-level units		Geospatial Data Cloud		0.25
	Arable land area	ha			Measures the scale of arable land in border areas		China Economic and Social Development Statistics Database		0.25
Administrative force	Local fiscal expenditure	10,000 RMB			Measures the administrative and regulatory capacity of local governments		China Statistical Yearbook (County-Level)		0.3
	Public and private fixed-asset investment	10,000 RMB			Measures the economic capacity of local governments		China Statistical Yearbook (County-Level)		0.3
	Preferential policy index	/	Measures national policy support (at a scale of 0-5 based on the following five policy conditions) 1 = West China Development and Northeast Revitalization programs2 = Pilot for supporting reforms along borders and pilot for supporting reform of modern agriculture3 = Border economic cooperation zone, comprehensive free trade zone or “prosperity to border areas and their residents” pilots4 = Key experimental zones for development and opening up 5 = Cross-border economic cooperation zones			Websites of Ministry of Commerce and National Development and Reform Commission			0.4
Market force	Total retail sales of consumer goods	10,000 RMB	Measures the size of domestic markets in border areas			China Statistical Yearbook (County-level)			0.4
	Bilateral trade	10,000 USD	Measures the level of trade development in border areas			International Trade Centre databases			0.2
	Bilateral economic integration	/	Measures the bilateral trade environment (with integration scores of 0-3)0 = The two countries have no trade agreement1 = Both countries have joined economic organizations or agreements, such as WTO, CAFTA, BRI, etc. 2 = Countries are in bilateral trade negotiations3 = Countries have signed a bilateral free trade agreement			Websites of Ministry of Commerce and National Development and Reform Commission			0.2
	Market opportunities	/	Measures market size, market expectations, etc., of neighboring countries in border areas (expressed as per capita GDP of neighboring country/per capita GDP of border area)			China Statistical Yearbook (County-level) & World Bank databases			0.2
Industrial force	Industrial output	10,000 RMB	Measures the level of industrialization			China Statistical Yearbook (County-level)			0.4
	Tourism revenue	Million USD	Measures the level of development of tourism			China Statistical Yearbook			0.3
	GRP	100 million RMB	Measures overall industrial development			China Statistical Yearbook (County-level)			0.3
Transportation force	Transport route density	km/km2	Measures level of transportation access to China’s hinterland (the ratio of the length of transport routes to the administrative area, including road and rail routes)			China Statistical Yearbook			0.4
	Transport status	/	Determines whether a county is an important transportation node in China’s opening up drive			Websites of Ministry of Commerce and National Development and Reform Commission			0.3
	Air transport development	/	Measures the level of aviation development (0-3 assigned based on airport construction)0 = No airport of category 3C or higher1 = has a 3C airport2 = has a 4C airport3 = has a 4D airport			General Aviation Resource Net of China			0.3
Social force	Proportion of population made up of ethnic minorities	/		Measures social and cultural integration with neighboring countries				Census	0.4
	Education level	People		Number of primary and secondary school students and ordinary middle school students per 10,000 people				China Statistical Yearbook (County-level)	0.3
	Medical care level	Beds		Number of beds in medical institutions per 10,000 people				China Statistical Yearbook (County-level)	0.3

Table 2.
Factor detection results of urbanization drivers in China’s border areas

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Table 2.
Factor detection results of urbanization drivers in China’s border areas

	Natural	Admin.	Market	Indust.	Transp.	Social
All border areas	0.103***	0.096***	0.058***	0.204***	0.224***	0.166***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Northeast	0.248***	0.073***	0.018*	0.014	0.133***	0.069***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.068)	(0.135)	(0.000)	(0.000)
North	0.092***	0.132***	0.199***	0.039**	0.190***	0.151***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.017)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Northwest	0.063***	0.099***	0.048***	0.232***	0.228***	0.016*
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.084)
Tibet	0.114***	0.036**	0.052***	0.017	0.040	0.072***
	(0.000)	(0.042)	(0.007)	(0.324)	(0.256)	(0.000)
Southwest	0.037***	0.173***	0.198***	0.064***	0.138***	0.108***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)

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Zhouying SONG, Qiaoling ZHU. Spatio-temporal pattern and driving forces of urbanization in China’s border areas[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(5): 775

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Paper Information

Category: Research Articles

Received: Jan. 2, 2020

Accepted: Feb. 20, 2020

Published Online: Sep. 30, 2020

The Author Email:

DOI:10.1007/s11442-020-1755-2

Topics

Resource Economy

Research Articles

Table 1. Drivers of urban development in China’s border areas and their weights

Table 1. Drivers of urban development in China’s border areas and their weights

Table 2. Factor detection results of urbanization drivers in China’s border areas

Table 2. Factor detection results of urbanization drivers in China’s border areas

Table 1.
Drivers of urban development in China’s border areas and their weights

Table 1.
Drivers of urban development in China’s border areas and their weights

Table 2.
Factor detection results of urbanization drivers in China’s border areas

Table 2.
Factor detection results of urbanization drivers in China’s border areas