Fig. 1. Principle diagram of LIBS

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of LIBS desktop equipment

Fig. 3. Copy of Palma Vecchio's "La Bella". (a) Spectrum of original area of the oil painting; (b) Spectrum of the conservation area of the oil painting^[13]

Fig. 4. (a) French miniature painting (19th century AD); (b) Detail from a manuscript (late 12th century AD); (c) Spectra obtained from the green and gold paint from the French miniature painting; (d) Spectra obtained from the red and green paint from the manuscript^[13]

Fig. 5. LIBS spectrum of light green paint on wall painting^[13]

Fig. 6. Images taken during the analysis campaign at the Historical Museum of Crete. (a) and (b) are the LIBS and Raman optical probes mounted on a rail permitting^[16]

Fig. 7. Images taken during the campaign at the church of St George. (a) LIBS probe head mounted on the platform and brought to the proper height by adjusting the tripods; (b) LIBS probe and (c) Raman probe during in situ measurements^[16]

Fig. 8. Images of selected stone carved works studied at the Historical Museum of Crete and the conservation laboratory of the Heraklion Ephorate of Antiquities^[16]

Fig. 9. Spectra of different colors of several types of stone materials. (a) Spectrum from black paint on the Venetian stone inscription AI95; (b) Spectrum obtained from the red paint on the Ottoman stone inscription AI378; (c) Spectrum obtained on the yellow paint on the Ottoman stone inscription AI244; (d) Emission lines obtained from the red surface of the decorative colored stone relief AI0120^[16]

Fig. 10. (a) Simulated mural sample has mineral pigment; (b) The fragments of real murals collected in the Mogao Caves^[19]

Fig. 11. Pictures of selected archaeological objects analyzed. (a) Minoan polychromed ceramic sherd from Knossos (T907); (b) Byzantine glazed ceramic sherd from Pseira (PS3048); (c) Late Byzantine/Venetian glazed ceramic sherd from Pseira (PS1079); (d) Minoan metal rivet from Pseira (PS1004); (e) Byzantine metal ring from Pseira (PS438); (f) Minoan metal chisel from Hagia Photia (AN4666)^[25]

Fig. 12. (a) The spectrum of black pigment in Minoan multi-color ceramic fragments (T907) (illustrated as high-resolution results); (b) The spectrum of black pigment in Byzantine glazed ceramic fragments; (c) The spectrum of yellow glazed ceramic fragments(illustrated as high-resolution results); (d) The spectrum of green yellow glazed ceramic fragments, * is the emission spectrum of tin (Sn)^[25]

Fig. 13. Spectra of Minoan metal samples. (a) On the flat face of copper rivet; (b) Outside of metal pin; (c) The inner core of the same metal pin; (d) The spectrum of metal rings; (e) The spectrum of metal chisels; (f) The spectrum of golden beads^[25]

Fig. 14. (a) Spectra from a white and a dark inclusion obtained from the ancient ceramic sherd; (b) Spectra obtained from three different coins^[13]

Fig. 15. (a) Medieval Umbrian glazed pottery and fragments of Roman sculptures; (b) Sketch of the samples analysed; (c) Photographs of selected archaeological objects characterized by LIBS. (d) Photographs of selected pottery sherds from Ayanis, Dilkaya, Karagündüz (scale unit: 1 cm) ^{[21, 23, 26-27]}

Fig. 16. Physical pictures of bronze and ceramic tile samples to be tested^[29]

Fig. 17. Copper coin samples with different degrees of corrosion^[30]

Fig. 18. (a) Plasma spectrum of laser sample interaction once; (b) Comparison of plasma spectra with multiple pulse laser effects^[30]

Fig. 19. (a) Spectral images of black tree branches at different ablation depths; (b) Spectral images of thin black pollutants at different ablation depths; (c) Spectral images of soil dust deposited on the surface of marble at different erosion depths; (d) Spectral analysis of copper green layer ablative material^[33]

Fig. 20. Masonry limestone blocks of the jamb of the entrance gate of Castello Svevo. (a) Area sampled; (b) The red box inset shows the sample considered for this study^[36]

Fig. 21. Typical emission spectrum of the black crust^[36]

Fig. 22. Trend chart of concentration changes of different elements with increasing pulse number^[36]

Fig. 23. The spectra data of 18th century paper document cleaned by a 532 nm laser, a-c correspond to the first, second and third cleaning pulse, respectively^[42]

Fig. 24. The blue pencil marks on the back of the Leopolita Bible before and after laser cleaning. (a) The spectrum of the coloured mark; (b) The spectrum of the laser-cleaned paper region^[42]

Fig. 25. LIBS spectra of three green bricks^[46]

Fig. 26. The comparison of different elemental characteristic spectra intensity^[46]