Infrared and Laser Engineering, Volume. 52, Issue 2, 20220835(2023)
Review of laser cleaning technology (invited)
Figures & Tables(15)
Fig. 2. (a) A silicon mask with Al2O3 spherical pollution particles atta-ched; (b) Photo after KrF laser cleaning
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of dry (a) and steam (b) laser cleaning device
Fig. 7. Before-and-after cleaning photos of the Hermes sculpture statue
Fig. 9. Light microscopy; corroded glass, coated with aheteropolysiloxane; on the left side: the coating was removed with 0.5 J/cm2, 10 Hz, 100 pulses, no damage on the natural crack pattern of the gel layer; on the right side: residual coating visible[155]
Table 1. Examples of laser cleaning cultural relics
View tableView in ArticleTable 1. Examples of laser cleaning cultural relics
Base material Category Specific research content Literature (serial number) Stone (marble, limestone, granite) Ancient architecture statue Effects of surface roughness, porosity and water content of mortar [ 75 ]Influence of laser parameters and stone cladding color on cleaning efficiency [ 76 -78 ]Discoloration problem [ 79 -80 ][ 68 -80 ]Metalwork Ancient coins, handicrafts, ornaments, etc Copper roof of Wilanow Palace in Warsaw, Poland[ 81 ], fragments of original historic sites in St. Petersburg[82 ], copper alloy plates on rudders of ancient shipwrecks [83 ], bronze bells [84 ], the Paradise Gate of gilded bronze artifacts from the Renaissance in Florence [85 ]Samuel Morse Statue [ 86 ]Coins of the late British Saxon and Norman periods [ 87 ], Roman Imperial copper based quaternary alloys [88 ], Roman and Byzantine coins, and ancient Alexandrian coins [89 -91 ]Fabric embroidered with gold, silver, or copper wire [ 92 -94 ].[ 81 -94 ]Wooden relics Statue ornament The effect of laser wavelength [ 95 -97 ]The influence of energy density [ 98 ]Carve the notched area[ 99 ][ 95 -99 ]Oil painting Influence of different laser parameters (wavelength, pulse width, repetition rate and energy density) on oil painting surface[ 100 -101 ]Efficiency and canvas integrity compared with traditional cleaning techniques [ 102 ]Study on the mechanism of laser cleaning oil painting [ 103 -104 ][ 100 -104 ]Cellulose Parchment, rice paper, silk, linen and cotton products, etc Laser cleaning of various products [ 105 -110 ]. "Yellowing" and other discoloration phenomena and solutions[111 -113 ][ 105 -113 ]Other Fossil, glass A sample of fossil mammalian bones [ 114 -115 ]. Cultural relics such as clay, plaster and wax carving were cleaned [116 ][ 114 -116 ]
Table 2. Commonly used imaging monitoring techniques
View tableView in ArticleTable 2. Commonly used imaging monitoring techniques
Means of measurement Cleaning object Measurement result (parameter) Literature (serial number) Optical microscope and scanning electron microscope Copper and copper oxide on circuit boards The thickness of the covering layer is reduced from 15-25 nm to ≤ 10 nm [ 17 ]Atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical and scanning electron microscopy Acrylic ester on Si sheet The differences in effectiveness and reliability of excimer laser and Si-masters reactive ion cleaning are discussed [ 19 ]Optical reflection, photoacoustic beam deflection probe laser and flash photography techniques Pollution particles on the NiP disk substrate The mechanism of wet laser cleaning of contaminated particles on the nip hard disk substrate was studied [ 27 ]Optical microscope Metal surface coating material Ablative with TEA CO2 laser pulse [ 97 ]Optical microscope Stainless steel surface γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 formed on the surface of stainless steel are found [ 125 ]Scanning electron microscope The rust of the ship The corrosion resistance of the laser cleaned surface is about 5 times that of the corroded surface [ 129 ]Optical microscope The oxide layer on Si(100) surface Complete pollutant elimination is achieved [ 167 ]Optical microscope The oxide layer on Si(100) surface Complete contaminant elimination is achieved without any damage to the surface [ 168 ]Plume imaging technology Inlaid stone carvings It is an inexpensive tool for real-time monitoring of laser ablation and determining safe surface cleaning interventions [ 174 ]Imaging analysis Carbon steel Q235 Improving cleaning efficiency, qualified rate of 92.5% [ 177 ]Scanning electron microscope Paint The infrared absorption spectrum of the clean surface has two additional peaks [ 192 ]Scanning electron microscope Q345 (Gr·B) steel surface paint The surface is relatively flat, the content of Fe and C elements reaches 89% and 9% respectively, and the hardness is improved [ 193 ]
Table 3. Common spectral monitoring techniques
View tableView in ArticleTable 3. Common spectral monitoring techniques
Means of measuremen Cleaning object Measurement result (parameter) Literature (serial number) X-ray electron spectroscopy Copper and copper oxide on circuit boards The thickness of the covering layer is reduced from 15-25 nm to ≤ 10 nm [ 17 ]Laser induced breakdown spectrum Ancient Pentelic marble covered with a black crust Select the best laser parameters for effective cleaning [ 46 ]X-ray fluorescence analyzer Historical site surface pollutants and natural sediments X-ray fluorescence analyzer can be used to monitor the quality of laser cleaning of historic sites [ 58 ]X-ray powder diffraction, pyrolytic-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy City statue Degradation products affecting its surface and organic coatings for protection were analyzed [ 62 ]Laser induced fluorescence, laser induced breakdown spectrum, Fourier transform Raman spectrum and infrared spectrum Coloured wooden ceiling The influence of laser wavelength is studied [ 72 ]Laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy, laser induced plasma spectroscopy Fine biocomposites such as 15th-and 16th-century parchment manuscripts and 19th-century printing paper The feasibility of the two technologies in the field of non-destructive on-line monitoring is studied [ 81 ]Energy dispersive X-ray analysis Metal surface coating material Ablative with TEA CO2 laser pulse [ 97 ]Energy dispersive X-ray analysis Two Malaysian car coatings The balance of carbon and oxygen components in the cleaning process helps to reduce the coating [ 105 ]Auger electron spectroscopy Stainless steel surface γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 formed on the surface of stainless steel are found [ 125 ]Glow Discharge Emission Spectra (GDOES) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) AA7024-T4 aluminum alloy The change of material properties is related to the change of surface oxide state [ 127 ]Raman spectral analysis Marine metal The relationship between laser power output and Raman spectrum is established [ 128 ]X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy The rust of the ship The corrosion resistance of the laser cleaned surface is about 5 times that of the corroded surface [ 129 ]Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low energy electron diffraction spectroscopy (LEED), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) The oxide layer on Si(100) surface Complete pollutant elimination is achieved [ 167 ]Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) The oxide layer on Si(100) surface Complete contaminant elimination is achieved without any damage to the surface [ 168 ]Laser induced breakdown spectrum Inlaid stone carvings It is an inexpensive tool for real-time monitoring of laser ablation and determining safe surface cleaning interventions [ 174 ]Fiber Optic Reflection Spectroscopy (FORS) and Visible and Near Infrared (VNIR) Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) Limestone surface Assess protection status and determine more appropriate cleaning recovery levels [ 175 ]Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Paint The infrared absorption spectrum of the clean surface has two additional peaks [ 192 ]Electron backscatter diffraction Q345 (Gr·B) steel surface paint After cleaning, the surface is relatively flat, the content of Fe and C elements reaches 89% and 9% respectively, and the hardness is improved. [ 193 ]
Table 4. Surface information monitoring technology
View tableView in ArticleTable 4. Surface information monitoring technology
Means of measurement Cleaning object Measurement result (parameter) Literature (serial number) Real-time reflectance measurement Oxide on Ge crystal sheet The energy density cleaning threshold and damage threshold of 193 nm cleaning c-Ge sheet were determined [ 16 ]Acoustic monitoring Contaminated limestone sculpture Acoustic monitoring can judge the cleaning effect in real time [ 44 ]Surface roughness and surface morphology Polyurethane coating for hull plate surface Laser cleaning has a remarkable effect on the removal of polyurethane paint from ship shell factory [ 104 ]Surface bonding strength Resin residue on the surface of CFRP materials The bonding strength is 1.6 times that of the surface without laser cleaning [ 116 ]Continuous measurement of surface photocurrent Pure tungsten photocathode Real-time monitoring of cleaning effect [ 159 ]Surface roughness Metal A two-stage process parameter adjustment and surface roughness estimation algorithm based on image analysis was proposed [ 176 ]
Table 5. Research on laser cleaning in some domestic units
View tableView in ArticleTable 5. Research on laser cleaning in some domestic units
Organization Laser Wavelength/ nm Cleaning object Base Pollutant Literature (serial number) Nankai University Nd:YAG laser 150 Homemade sample Aluminium alloy Paint [ 229 ]Harbin Institute of Technology Nanosecond fiber pulse laser 30-100 Homemade sample Titanium alloy Oxide layer [ 230 ]Huazhong University of Science and Technology Pulse laser with maximum Power of 100 W (YDFLP-100-LM1) 100 Homemade sample Aluminium alloy Oxide layer [ 231 ]Jiangsu University IPG-HP-100 laser 100 Homemade sample Steel Oxide [ 232 ]Jinan University All solid state fiber coupled output laser 50 Aluminium alloy tyre mould Aluminium alloy Sulfide [ 233 ]Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Aircraft Maintenance All-solid state quasi-continuous laser (IS-0604QCW) 100 Homemade sample Aluminium alloy Paint layer [ 234 ]
Table 6. Mainly used lasers and contaminants
View tableView in ArticleTable 6. Mainly used lasers and contaminants
Laser Type Wavelength/nm Cleaning contaminant Literature (serial number) Excimer laser ArF, KrF 193, 248 Granules and paints [ 235 ]Nd:YAG laser Nd:YAG 352, 532, 1 064 Metal contaminant [ 236 ]Er:YAG laser Er:YAG 2 940 Pollutant cleaning of cultural relics [ 89 ]Fiber laser Fiber laser 1 064 Paint, rust [ 237 ]Gas laser CO2 laser 1 0.6 Paint on non-metallic materials [ 238 ]
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Feng Song, Mingjun Chen, Xuan Chen, Zejia Zhao, Xin Liu, Jianquan Yao. Review of laser cleaning technology (invited)[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2023, 52(2): 20220835
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Received: Nov. 2, 2022
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Published Online: Mar. 13, 2023
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