Photonics Research, Volume. 11, Issue 12, 2054(2023)
Characterizing bubble interaction effects in synchronous-double-pulse laser ablation for enhanced nanoparticle synthesis Editors' Pick
Fig. 1. (a) Synchronized bubble pairs are generated with the same pulse energy (
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of coaxial diffuse shadowgraphy system: (a) for top-view angle; (b) for side-view angle. By placing a dichroic mirror at 45° in front of the glass cell, picosecond laser pulses can pass through, ablate the YAG target, and generate cavitation bubbles. The mirror also reflects the visible flashlight into the camera lens, capturing shadowgraph images from the top-view. (c) Schematic of the side- and top-view imaging geometry and related two-dimensional shadowgraph projections.
Fig. 3. Particle size analysis of Au nanoparticles synthesized for
Fig. 4. (a) Number-weighted primary particle diameter distributions for YAG obtained from particle size analysis of
Fig. 5. Shadowgraph imaging to exhibit the temporal evolution of cavitation bubble dynamics generated at
Fig. 6. Cavitation bubble volume evolution during PLAL of YAG at different spatial bubble pair distances. Expansion and shrinkage phase for a single cavitation bubble for
Fig. 7. Comparison of the cavitation bubble dynamics between experiments (top row for each
Fig. 8. Contours of the non-dimensional velocity magnitude for the wall-directed and inter-bubble jet regimes. Time instances are given in the upper left corner of each frame, and the black arrows indicate the direction of the velocity. The direction of the jets is indicated with a white arrow. (a) Formation of a wall-directed jet of single cavitation bubble collapsing at a wall with
Fig. 9. (a) Impact of bubble-height-normalized lateral inter-pulse distance of synchronized bubble pairs on YAG and Au nanoparticle diameters. Particle size analysis using STEM (primary particle diameter Xc,
Fig. 10. PLAL setup with the batch chamber was controlled by extending the temporal delay between laser pulses beyond the lifetime of the cavitation bubbles with a digital delay generator. In this way, the nanoparticles will not be affected by undesirable cavitation bubble interactions with the next laser pulse.
Fig. 11. Observation of cavitation bubble evolution on the surface of Au target after a single pulse PLAL (
Fig. 12. Cavitation bubble height at maximum expansion on Au surface with a delay time of 20 μs, depending on the number of applied pulses at the same spot to examine the nanoparticle (NP) shielding effect and the change in the target surface.
Fig. 13. Mass-weighted particle size analysis of Au nanoparticles synthesized at
Fig. 14. Tukey’s least significance difference (LSD) test, results of statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA). Red squares indicate the significant difference in mean size values between two denoted lateral distances. Probability of F-test (
Fig. 15. Each shadowgraph viewpoint reveals two-dimensional parameters: top view bubble half-width (
Fig. 16. Cavitation bubble three-dimensional radius evolution as a function of time, based on YAG shadowgraph imaging. Each shadowgraph viewpoint reveals two-dimensional parameters: top-view (t.v.) bubble horizontal radius (
Fig. 17. Center-to-center inter bubble distance (IBD) measurements based on YAG double pulse experiments at
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Farbod Riahi, Alexander Bußmann, Carlos Doñate-Buendia, Stefan Adami, Nicolaus A. Adams, Stephan Barcikowski, Bilal Gökce. Characterizing bubble interaction effects in synchronous-double-pulse laser ablation for enhanced nanoparticle synthesis[J]. Photonics Research, 2023, 11(12): 2054
Category: Instrumentation and Measurements
Received: Jun. 15, 2023
Accepted: Sep. 17, 2023
Published Online: Nov. 20, 2023
The Author Email: Bilal Gökce (goekce@uni-wuppertal.de)