Fig. 1. Principle diagram of optical pin beams formation^[10]

Fig. 2. Far field spot image after propagating over a distance of 1 km in open areas. (a) Spot image of Gaussian beams; (b) Spot image of optical pin beams^[10]

Fig. 3. The propagation image of the optical pin beams (a1) γ = 1.5, (b1) γ = 1 and (c1) γ = 0.5 the longitudinal strength distribution in the y-z plane obtained by 0.5; (a2), (b2) and (c2) depict the transverse intensity maps of the light spot captured at a plane z= 200 mm^[11]

Fig. 4. Experimental setup and result diagram. (a) Experimental setup diagram; (b1), (c1) Experimental results of longitudinal intensity distribution of optical pin beams and abruptly autofocusing beams in the y-z plane; (b2), (c2) Lateral intensity diagram at the starting position; (b3), (c3) Lateral intensity diagram measured near the peak intensity plane; (b4), (c4) Lateral intensity diagram measured after 500 mm propagation; (b5), (c5) Phase mask loaded into the SLM device^[11]

Fig. 5. Power loss diagram for Gaussian beams, focused Gaussian beams and optical pin beams transmission at 0.1-0.8 m^[14]

Fig. 6. BER performance and eye diagrams for a Gaussian beams and optical pin beams. (a) z = 0.45 m; (b) z = 0.8 m^[14]

Fig. 7. Experimental setup diagram for the generation and detection of VOPB^[17]

Fig. 8. OAM spectra of the receiving surface in turbulent atmosphere at different receiving apertures R. (a)-(c) OAM spectrum of POVB; (d)-(f) OAM spectrum of Gaussian vortex beams^[19]

Fig. 9. Far-field images of LG vortex beams and POVB^[20]

Fig. 10. The mean intensity centroid position offset and jitter diagram of POVB and LVB^[20]

Fig. 11. Comparison of transmission characteristics between SOB and Gaussian beams. (a) The beam pattern of SOB (upper) and Gaussian beams (lower) at a transmission distance of −6 cm to 6 cm; (b) Diagram of changes in beam radius for SOB and Gaussian beams at transmission distances of −12 cm to 12 cm^[21]

Fig. 12. Comparison of effects between SOB and Gaussian beams before and after turbulence. (a) Side view of beam profile of SOB and Gaussian beams passing through a water tank without turbulence; (b) Spot of SOB after passing through turbulent water; (c) Spot of Gaussian beams after passing through turbulent water; (d) Distribution of light intensity when Gaussian beams and SOB transmission distance is 0-20 mm; (e) Relative intensity fluctuation of Gaussian beams and SOB in 0-20 s^[21]

Fig. 13. Experimental optical path diagram of SOB and Gaussian beams transmitted through turbulence^[22]

Fig. 14. Comparison before and after optimization. (a) Experimental diagram of SOB before optimization; (b) Experimental diagram of optimized SOB; (c) Measurement of spot radius at different transmission distances of SOB^[23]