[1] [1] Waks E, Inoue K, Santori C, Fattal D, Vuckovic J, Solomon GS, et al. Quantum cryptography with a photon turnstile. Nature. 2002;420:762.10.1038/420762a

[2] [2] Yin J, Li YH, Liao SK, Yang M, Cao Y, Zhang L, et al. Entanglement-based secure quantum cryptography over 1,120 kilometres. Nature. 2020;582:501–5.10.1038/s41586-020-2401-y

[3] [3] Li J, Zhang Y, Chen X, Xiang Y. Secure attribute-based data sharing for resource-limited users in cloud computing. Comput Secur. 2018;72:1–12.10.1016/j.cose.2017.08.007

[4] [4] Li J, Shi Y, Zhang Y. Searchable ciphertext-policy attributebased encryption with revocation in cloud storage. Int J Commun Syst. 2017;30:e2942.10.1002/dac.2942

[5] [5] Sugier J. Cracking the DES Cipher with cost-optimized FPGA devices. Adv Intell Syst Comput, 2020; 987.

[6] [6] Wang C, Wang QD, Hong CL, Hu QY, Pei Z. Quantum Annealing Public Key Cryptographic Attack Algorithm based on D-Wave advantage. Chin J Comput. 2024;47:1030–44. .

[7] [7] Yu N, Genevet P, Kats MA, Aieta F, Tetienne JP, Capasso F, et al. Light propagation with phase discontinuities: generalized laws of reflection and refraction. Science. 2011;334:333–7.10.1126/science.1210713

[8] [8] Yu NF, Capasso F. Flat optics with designer metasurfaces. Nat Mater. 2014;13:139–50.10.1038/nmat3839

[9] [9] Dorrah AH, Capasso F. Tunable structured light with flat optics. Science. 2022;376: eabi6860.10.1126/science.abi6860

[10] [10] Song Q, Oden M, Pérez JZ, Kanté B, Genevet P. Plasmonic topological metasurface by encircling an exceptional point. Science. 2021;373:1133–7.10.1126/science.abj3179

[11] [11] Li L, Cui TJ, Ji W, Liu S, Ding J, Wan X, et al. Electromagnetic reprogrammable coding-metasurface holograms. Nat Commun. 2017;8:197.10.1038/s41467-017-00164-9

[12] [12] Cui TJ, Qi MQ, Wan X, Zhao J, Cheng Q. Coding metamaterials, digital metamaterials and programmable metamaterials. Light Sci Appl. 2014;3:e218.10.1038/lsa.2014.99

[13] [13] Yang Y, Jing L, Zheng B, Hao R, Yin W, Li E, et al. Full-polarization 3D metasurface cloak with preserved amplitude and phase. Adv Mater. 2016;28:6866–71.10.1002/adma.201600625

[14] [14] Chu H, Li Q, Liu B, Luo J, Sun S, Hang ZH, et al. A hybrid invisibility cloak based on integration of transparent metasurfaces and zero-index materials. Light: Sci Appl. 2018;7:50.10.1038/s41377-018-0052-7

[15] [15] Qian C, Zheng B, Shen Y, Jing L, Li E, Shen L, et al. Deep-learning-enabled self-adaptive microwave cloak without human intervention. Nat Photonics. 2020;14:383–90.10.1038/s41566-020-0604-2

[16] [16] Li YL, Li NN, Wang D, Chu F, Lee SD, Zheng YW, et al. Tunable liquid crystal grating based holographic 3D display system with wide viewing angle and large size. Light Sci Appl. 2022;11:188.10.1038/s41377-022-00880-y

[17] [17] Ren H, Fang X, Jang J, Burger J, Rho J, Maier SA. Metasurface orbital angular momentum holography. Nat Commun. 2019;10:2986.10.1038/s41467-019-11030-1

[18] [18] Ren H, Shao W, Li Y, Salim F, Gu M. Three-dimensional vectorial holography based on machine learning inverse design. Sci Adv. 2020;6: eaaz4261.10.1126/sciadv.aaz4261

[19] [19] Sun S, Ma HF, Gou Y, Zhang TY, Wu LW, Cui TJ. Spin- and space-multiplexing metasurface for independent phase controls of quadruplex polarization channels. Adv Opt Mater. 2022;11:2202275.10.1002/adom.202202275

[20] [20] Gou Y, Ma HF, Sun S, Zhang TY, Wu LW, Wang ZX, et al. Non-interleaved four-channel metasurfaces for simultaneous printing and holographic imaging. Small Struct. 2023;4:2300054.10.1002/sstr.202300054

[21] [21] Karimi E, Schulz SA, Leon ID, Qassim H, Upham J, Boyd RW. Generating optical orbital angular momentum at visible wavelengths using a plasmonic metasurface. Light Sci Appl. 2014;3:e167.10.1038/lsa.2014.48

[22] [22] Ren H, Fang X, Jang J, Burger J, Rho J, Maier SA. Complex-amplitude metasurface-based orbital angular momentum holography in momentum space. Nat Nanotechnol. 2020;15:948–55.10.1038/s41565-020-0768-4

[23] [23] Chen WT, Zhu AY, Sanjeev V, Khorasaninejad M, Shi Zhu, Lee E, et al. A broadband achromatic metalens for focusing and imaging in the visible. Nat Nanotechnol. 2018;13:220–6.10.1038/s41565-017-0034-6

[24] [24] Shalaginov MY, An S, Zhang Y, Yang F, Su P, Liberman V, et al. Reconfigurable all-dielectric metalens with diffraction-limited performance. Nat Commun. 2021;12:1225.10.1038/s41467-021-21440-9

[25] [25] Wang S, Wu PC, Su VC, Lai YC, Chu CH, Chen JW, et al. Broadband achromatic optical metasurface devices. Nat Commun. 2017;8:187.10.1038/s41467-017-00166-7

[26] [26] Cai G, Li Y, Zhang Y, Jiang X, Chen Y, Qu G, et al. Compact angle-resolved metasurface spectrometer. Nat Mater. 2024;23:71–8.10.1038/s41563-023-01710-1

[27] [27] Ding X, Zhao Z, Xie P, Cai D, Meng F, Wang C, et al. Metasurface-based optical logic operators driven by diffractive neural networks. Adv Mater. 2024;36:2308993.10.1002/adma.202308993

[28] [28] Lim KT, Liu H, Liu Y, Yang JK. Holographic colour prints for enhanced optical security by combined phase and amplitude control. Nat Commun. 2019;10:25.10.1038/s41467-018-07808-4

[29] [29] Guo X, Zhong J, Li B, Qi S, Li Y, Li P, et al. Full-color holographic display and encryption with full-polarization degree of freedom. Adv Mater. 2022;34:2103192.10.1002/adma.202103192

[30] [30] Zang X, Dong F, Yue F, Zhang C, Xu L, Song Z, et al. Polarization encoded color image embedded in a dielectric metasurface. Adv Mater. 2018;30: 1707499.10.1002/adma.201707499

[31] [31] Chen Y, Yang X, Gao J. 3D Janus plasmonic helical nanoapertures for polarization-encrypted data storage. Light Sci Appl. 2019;8:45.10.1038/s41377-019-0156-8

[32] [32] Fan Q, Liu M, Zhang C, Zhu W, Wang Y, Lin P, et al. Independent amplitude control of arbitrary orthogonal states of polarization via dielectric metasurfaces. Phys Rev Lett. 2020;125: 267402.10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.267402

[33] [33] Zhao R, Huang L, Tang C, Li J, Li X, Wang Y, et al. Nanoscale polarization manipulation and encryption based on dielectric metasurfaces. Adv Opt Mater. 2018;6:1800490.10.1002/adom.201800490

[34] [34] Zhao R, Sain B, Wei Q, Tang C, Li X, Weiss T, et al. Multichannel Vectorial holographic display and encryption. Light Sci Appl. 2018;7:95.10.1038/s41377-018-0091-0

[35] [35] Deng ZL, Tu QA, Wang Y, Wang ZQ, Shi T, Feng Z, et al. Vectorial compound metapixels for arbitrary nonorthogonal polarization steganography. Adv Mater. 2021;33:2103472.10.1002/adma.202103472

[36] [36] Ren R, Li Z, Deng L, Shan X, Dai Q, Guan Z, et al. Non-orthogonal polarization multiplexed metasurfaces for tri-channel polychromatic image displays and information encryption. Nanophotonics. 2021;10:2903–14.10.1515/nanoph-2021-0259

[37] [37] Liu HC, Yang B, Guo Q, Shi J, Guan C, Zheng G, et al. Single-pixel computational ghost imaging with helicity dependent metasurface hologram. Sci Adv. 2017;3: e1701477.10.1126/sciadv.1701477

[38] [38] Li X, Zhao R, Wei Q, Geng G, Li J, Zhang S, et al. Code division multiplexing inspired dynamic metasurface holography. Adv Fun Mater. 2021;31:2103326.10.1002/adfm.202103326

[39] [39] Georgi P, Wei Q, Sain B, Schlickriede C, Wang Y, Huang L, et al. Optical secret sharing with cascaded metasurface holography. Sci Adv. 2021;7: abf9718.10.1126/sciadv.abf9718

[40] [40] Zhang F, Guo Y, Pu M, Chen L, Xu M, Liao M, et al. Meta-optics empowered vector visual cryptography for high security and rapid decryption. Nat Commun. 2023;14:1946.10.1038/s41467-023-37510-z

[41] [41] Guo X, Li P, Zhong J, Wen D, Wei B, Liu S, et al. Stokes meta-hologram toward optical cryptography. Nat Commun. 2022;13:6687.10.1038/s41467-022-34542-9

[42] [42] Li Z, Kong X, Zhang J, Shao L, Zhang D, Liu J, et al. Cryptography metasurface for one-time-pad encryption and massive data storage. Laser Photonics Rev. 2022;16:2200113.10.1002/lpor.202200113

[43] [43] Zheng P, Dai P, Li Z, Ye Z, Xiong J, Liu HC, et al. Metasurface-based key for computational imaging encryption. Sci Adv. 2021;7:eabg0363.10.1126/sciadv.abg0363

[44] [44] Zheng Y, Chen K, Xu Z, Zhang N, Wang J, Zhao J, et al. Metasurface-assisted wireless communication with physical level information encryption. Adv Sci. 2022;9:2204558.10.1002/advs.202204558

[45] [45] Wei H, Zhao H, Chen Y, Wang Z, Cui TJ, Li L. Physical-level secure wireless communication using random-signal-excited reprogrammable metasurface. Appl Phys Lett. 2023;122: 051704.10.1063/5.0132854

[46] [46] Wang HL, Ma HF, Zhang YK, Zhang TY, Sun S, Chen YT, et al. Multichannel highly secure wireless communication system with information camouflage capability. Sci Adv. 2024;10: adk7557.10.1126/sciadv.adk7557

[47] [47] Zulkifli MZWM, Mohd ZW. Attack on cryptography. Comput Secur. 2008;12:33–45.

[48] [48] Song Y, Ye D. Replay attack detection and mitigation for cyber–physical systems via RADIR algorithm with encryption scheduling. Neural Comput. 2023;558:126698.

[49] [49] Wang Z, Ding X, Zhang K, Ratni B, Burokur SN, Gu X, et al. Huygens metasurface holograms with the modulation of focal energy distribution. Adv Opt Mater. 2018;6:1800121.10.1002/adom.201800121

[50] [50] Zhang F, Pu M, Li X, Gao P, Ma X, Luo J, et al. All-dielectric metasurfaces for simultaneous giant circular asymmetric transmission and wavefront shaping based on asymmetric photonic spin–orbit interactions. Adv Fun Mater. 2017;27:1704295.10.1002/adfm.201704295

[51] [51] Bao Y, Yu Y, Xu H, Guo C, Li J, Sun S, et al. Full-colour nanoprint-hologram synchronous metasurface with arbitrary hue-saturation-brightness control. Light Sci Appl. 2019;8:95.10.1038/s41377-019-0206-2