Fig. 1. Schematic of N-unit phase array. (a) Phased array model; (b) simulated blazed grating

Fig. 2. Basic structure of LCOPA. (a) Without voltage applied; (b) with voltage applied

Fig. 3. Different liquid crystal phase control models. (a) LCOPA by Raytheon[1]; (b) high-precision scanning with SAC[19]

Fig. 4. Rising time and falling time with and without Spiking algorithm (Δ? is phase change)[54]

Fig. 5. Time response curves for 0-2π phase. (a) Rising process; (b) falling process

Fig. 6. Beam scanning based on phased array model[50]. (a) Phase difference of electrode versus steering angle; (b) steering angle versus diffraction efficiency

Fig. 7. Diffraction efficiency improvement by four optimization approaches[57]

Fig. 8. Flyback

Fig. 9. Steering diffraction efficiency versus steering angle[47]

Fig. 10. Self-made LCOPA and experimental result by University of Electronic Science and Technology of China[20]. (a) LCOPA; (b) experimental result of beam steering

Fig. 11. Cascaded scheme used for 2D beam scanning[24]