Journal of Geographical Sciences, Volume. 30, Issue 12, 2053(2020)
Investigation on flood event variations at space and time scales in the Huaihe River Basin of China using flood behavior classification
Figures & Tables(12)
Fig. 1. Locations of the Huaihe River Basin, selected hydrological stations, dams and sluices
Fig. 2. Hierarchical clustering results presented by black, red, yellow, blue and green colors for all the flood events named by station name+ event sequence which is sorted in chronological order (e.g., ZiLS01 means the first event at ZiL station)
Fig. 3. Classification performance assessment using the Goodman-Kruskal index (GKI), C index (CI) and minimum cluster for different total class numbers
Fig. 4. Normalized flood hydrographs of individual flood event classes (a-e) and their frequencies of flood events in the pre-flood, flood and post-flood seasons
Fig. 5. Variations of individual flood behavior metrics among different classes. Median values are defined by the solid dot symbols, respectively. Each black box illustrates the 25th and 75th percentile values, and the vertical line defines the minimum and maximum values without outliers. The white dot means the 50th percentile value and the violin shape means the frequency distribution of flood behavior metric.
Fig. 7. Interannual distributions of flood event classes from 2006 to 2015 in the Shaying River, Hongru River, Southern mountainous rivers, Huaihe mainstream and for all the flood events
Fig. 8. Correlation coefficients between impact factors and flood behavior metrics (the blank column means insignificant impact factor)
Fig. 9. Contributions of impact categories and their combinations on the regional and interannual variations of individual flood event classes
Table 1.
The general characteristics of controlled catchments, and the selected flood events
View tableView in ArticleTable 1.
The general characteristics of controlled catchments, and the selected flood events
ID Rivers Stations Dam regulation Catchment area (km2) Slope length (km) Slope (%) Elevation (m) River density (km/km2) Major land use (%) Flood events Precipitation (mm) Potential evapotranspiration (mm) 1 Shaying River ZiLS / 1800 89.4 22.15 818.3 0.027 Forest (67.6) 12 80.0±76.3 36.9±18.0 2 ZhongT / 485 41.4 29.07 680.2 0.019 Forest (77.5) 13 71.0±55.2 26.7±13.8 3 XiaGS Yes 354 36.9 19.67 471.0 0.083 Forest (45.0) 10 54.4±36.9 32.2±21.5 4 RuZ Yes 3005 73.4 16.54 662.2 0.016 Forest (45.8) 11 54.0±27.1 42.8±19.3 5 GaoC Yes 627 49.1 13.98 493.8 0.055 Dryland (58.4) 5 57.2±68.1 42.5±32.3 6 ZhongM / 2106 132.3 1.28 144.3 0.027 Dryland (53.4) 5 65.9±51.8 34.7±8.3 7 JiZ / 46 10.5 16.16 394.0 0.023 Forest (73.9) 5 54.4±87.7 18.7±9.8 8 XinZ Yes 1079 75.5 5.37 268.4 0.027 Dryland (63.6) 10 134.1±80.6 65.7±68.1 9 HeK Yes 2124 116.4 3.32 153.1 0.004 Dryland (72.4) 9 57.2±35.4 38.0±14.8 10 LuoH Yes 12,150 170.0 7.75 316.5 0.002 Dryland (59.7) 6 45.3±34.3 44.9±12.0 11 ZhouK Yes 25,800 202.1 4.47 214.9 0.001 Dryland (67.5) 3 54.1±52.6 44.6±41.8 12 Hongru River XuT / 70 13.9 22.67 554.1 0.430 Dryland (61.4) 3 64.1±57.6 26.9±18.7 13 SuiP Yes 1760 96.4 5.08 164.9 0.030 Dryland (59.4) 9 67.5±37.1 23.0±28.4 14 YangZ Yes 1037 61.5 4.23 141.9 0.122 Dryland (65.4) 5 12.8±14.0 26.0±14.8 15 WuGy Yes 1564 107.8 2.37 105.9 0.054 Dryland (73.2) 8 38.3±46.2 36.7±17.0 16 LiX / 78 18.0 6.50 175.5 0.095 Dryland (38.0) 10 39.8±32.9 24.6±26.3 17 ZhuMD / 104 17.8 2.74 105.3 0.113 Dryland (75.0) 3 37.5±31.1 10.2±4.1 18 MiaoW Yes 2660 95.2 1.39 81.4 0.026 Dryland (77.8) 12 43.4±52.4 47.6±16.8 19 LuZ / 396 38.4 9.50 214.7 0.031 Forest (56.5) 14 24.7±29.3 18.4±9.9 ID Rivers Stations Dam regulation Catchment area (km2) Slope length (km) Slope (%) Elevation (m) River density (km/km2) Major land use (%) Flood events Precipitation (mm) Potential evapotranspiration (mm) 20 XinC Yes 4110 178.5 0.86 66.2 0.043 Dryland (79.8) 2 71.1±10.6 60.7±1.6 21 BanT Yes 11,280 197.6 1.69 88.5 0.008 Dryland (74.2) 4 18.6±26.1 34.9±28.8 22 GuiL Yes 1050 57.6 3.76 133.3 0.108 Dryland (67.0) 6 31.1±38.1 31.5±10.4 23 Southern mountainous rivers TanJH / 152 24.3 20.33 279.9 0.040 Forest (88.2) 12 81.2±54.9 25.7±12.7 24 ZhuGP Yes 1639 94.2 7.11 159.8 0.036 Forest (43.6) 14 75.6±66.0 51.4±19.9 25 XinX Yes 274 31.5 19.40 286.1 0.071 Dryland (57.7) 16 79.2±54.1 42.8±32.2 26 HuangNZ / 805 48.9 24.03 487.4 0.006 Forest (46.5) 10 25.1±34.5 24.5±9.6 27 QiL / 185 31.4 26.65 531.5 0.006 Forest (58.3) 14 29.6±31.2 15.6±6.6 28 HuangC Yes 2050 117.9 6.76 156.7 0.036 Dryland (47.7) 6 52.2±30.1 84.6±38.7 29 BeiMJ / 1710 111.6 2.88 101.9 0.037 Paddy (47.7) 16 73.4±37.7 56.1±17.2 30 JiangJJ Yes 5930 161.2 11.99 246.6 0.008 Forest (36.5) 8 54.5±34.3 61.8±30.6 31 PeiH Yes 18 8.6 30.98 390.3 0.167 Forest (100.0) 9 87.9±54.2 22.6±12.4 32 Huaihe mainstream DaPL Yes 1640 70.0 6.68 218.2 0.111 Forest (45.9) 13 58.1±36.6 44.9±21.5 33 ChangTG Yes 3090 78.0 5.51 185.5 0.031 Dryland (41.1) 14 79.6±45.9 53.4±22.9 34 XiX Yes 10,190 124.7 4.86 148.2 0.008 Dryland (36.2) 10 84.5±46.0 75.8±24.5 35 HuaiB Yes 16,005 138.7 3.93 125.0 0.005 Dryland (43.2) 10 60.2±43.1 96.1±46.4 36 LuTZ Yes 88,630 232.3 4.14 147.7 0.001 Dryland (54.3) 5 73.6±70.8 73.7±46.4 37 BengB Yes 121,330 279.3 3.23 123.6 0.001 Dryland (57.2) 4 46.53±39.7 47.7±31.4 38 WangWQ Yes 200 33.2 0.91 63.3 0.131 Dryland (91.4) 12 28.8±27.5 24.3±11.9 39 WangJB Yes 30,630 159.8 2.77 104.5 0.003 Dryland (56.6) 4 107.1±59.1 113.6±22.4
Table 2.
Flood behavior metrics used for flood event descriptions
View tableView in ArticleTable 2.
Flood behavior metrics used for flood event descriptions
Categories Behavior metrics Abbreviation Unit Calculation equation Magnitude Total amount of flood Rsum mm ${{{R}_{sum}}=86.4\cdot {{10}^{-3}}\cdot {{Q}_{sum}}}/{A}\;={86.4\cdot {{10}^{-3}}\cdot \sum\limits_{t=tbegin}^{tend}{{{Q}_{t}}}}/{A}\;$ Maximum peak flood Qpk none ${{{Q}_{pk}}={{{Q}_{t,\max }}}/{{{Q}_{sum}}}\;=\max ({{Q}_{t}})}/{{{Q}_{sum}}}\;$ Duration Flood event duration Tduration d ${{T}_{duration}}={{F}_{end}}-{{F}_{begin}}+1$ Timing Timing of flood event Fbegin d ${{{T}_{pk}}=({{F}_{pk,\max }}-{{F}_{begin}}+1)}/{{{T}_{duration}}}\;$ Timing of maximum peak flood Tpk none Rate of changes Mean rate of positive changes RQrise 1/hr $R{{Q}_{rise}}=\frac{({{Q}_{t,\max }}-{{Q}_{Fbegin}})}{[{{Q}_{sum}}\cdot ({{t}_{pk,\max }}-{{F}_{begin}})\cdot 24]}$ Mean rate of negative changes RQdown 1/hr $R{{Q}_{down}}=\frac{({{Q}_{t,\max }}-{{Q}_{Fend}})}{[{{Q}_{sum}}\cdot ({{F}_{end}}-{{t}_{pk,\max }}+1)\cdot 24]}$ Flood forms Number of peak flood Npk none $CV={\sigma }/{{{Q}_{av}}}\;$ Coefficient of variation CV none
Table 3.
Potential impact factor categories used to analyze the space and time variations of flood events
View tableView in ArticleTable 3.
Potential impact factor categories used to analyze the space and time variations of flood events
Factor categories Factors Flood event implications Geography Location Longitude and latitude (Long and Latt) All the behavior categories Catchment Area (Cat_A, km2), average elevation (Cat_ae, m), slope (Cat_slp, %) and length (Cat_len, km) Magnitude, rate of changes and forms River Slope (Rch_slp, %) and length (Rch_len, km), with-depth ratio (Rch_wdr, m/m), river density (Rch_den, km/km2) Magnitude, rate of changes and forms Land use Land use area Paddy (Lu_pad, km2), dryland (Lu_dry, km2), forest (Lu_fst, km2), grass (Lu_grs, km2), water (Lu_wat, km2), urban (Lu_urb, km2) and unused land (Lu_uns, km2) Magnitude, rate of changes and forms Hydrometeoro- logy Precipitation Cumulative amount in the antecedent three, five and seven days (Pcp_3d, Pcp_5d, Pcp_7d, mm) and during the flood event (Pcp_tot, mm), annual amount (Pcp_ann, mm) and ratio of flood season (R_fldpcp) All the behavior categories Potential evapotranspiration Cumulative amount in the antecedent three, five and seven days (Pet_3d, Pet_5d and Pet_7d, mm) and during the flood event (Pet_tot, mm), annual amount (Pet_ann, mm) and ratio of flood season (R_fldpet) Magnitude Baseflow Baseflow index (BFI) Magnitude, duration and forms Human regulation Water storage project Number (Num_rsv), total and beneficial capacities (Tot_rsv and Use_rsv, 108 m3), and their ratios of annual average runoff magnitude (R_totrsv and R_usersv) All the behavior categories Water diversion project Number (Num_wdp) and total capacities (Tot_wdp, 108 m3) Magnitude Water pumping project Number (Num_wpp) and total capacities (Tot_wpp, 108 m3 Magnitude Water transferring project Total capacity (Tot_wtp, 108 m3) Magnitude
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Yongyong ZHANG, Qiutan CHEN, Jun XIA. Investigation on flood event variations at space and time scales in the Huaihe River Basin of China using flood behavior classification[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(12): 2053
Paper Information
Category: Research Articles
Received: Apr. 29, 2020
Accepted: Aug. 2, 2020
Published Online: May. 7, 2021
The Author Email: ZHANG Yongyong (zhangyy003@igsnrr.ac.cn)
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