To overcome the disadvantages of slow measurement and computation in scanning computational imaging systems, this paper summarizes several rapid computational imaging techniques and introduces methods for enhancing measurement and computation speeds. It delves into computational optical imaging methods based on light field modulation, highlighting various approaches such as axial scanning, transverse scanning, multiwavelength scanning, scattering media, and multidistance techniques. Furthermore, it explores fast quantitative phase imaging techniques, including the standard quantitative phase imaging method, rapid variant based on the Kramers-Kronig relation, computational imaging method using diagonal spread sampling, and single-frame computational imaging method employing symmetrical illumination. Additionally, it covers autofocus technologies, detailing the classification of autofocus technology, its core algorithms, the autofocus method based on the Tanimoto coefficient and the absolute value of the polyphase gradient, and the rapid autofocus method based on feature region extraction and subdivision search.