Fig. 1. Temperature profile of Malan region and the U.S. standard atmosphere

Fig. 2. Aerosol extinction profile in Malan region on November 27，2015（measured by lidar）

Fig. 3. Variation of the elements of the scattering phase matrix with scattering angle under different wavelengths in the lowest atmospheric layer

Fig. 4. Flow chart for solving sky polarization distribution characteristics based on the doubling and adding method

Fig. 5. Variation of spectral radiant flux density with wavelength under AM1.5 standard

Fig. 6. Observation geometry of star sensor

Fig. 7. Distribution of sky irradiance（I component）at a solar zenith angle of ${\mathrm{45}}^{\circ }$

Fig. 8. Distribution of sky Q component at a solar zenith angle of ${\mathrm{45}}^{\circ }$

Fig. 9. Distribution of sky U component at a solar zenith angle of ${\mathrm{45}}^{\circ }$

Fig. 10. Distribution of sky polarization at solar zenith angle of ${\mathrm{0}}^{\circ }$

Fig. 11. Distribution of sky polarization at solar zenith angle of ${\mathrm{15}}^{\circ }$

Fig. 12. Distribution of sky polarization at solar zenith angle of ${\mathrm{30}}^{\circ }$

Fig. 13. Distribution of sky polarization at solar zenith angle of ${\mathrm{45}}^{\circ }$

Fig. 14. Distribution of sky polarization at solar zenith angle of ${\mathrm{60}}^{\circ }$

Fig. 15. Distribution of sky polarization at solar zenith angle of ${\mathrm{75}}^{\circ }$

Fig. 16. Variation of polarization with observation angle for different observation altitudes at 0.55 μm

Fig. 17. Variation of polarization with observation angle for different observation altitudes at 0.9 μm

Fig. 18. Variation of polarization with observation angle for different observation altitudes at 1.65 μm

Fig. 19. Variation of polarization with observation angle for different solar zenith angles at a wavelength of 1.65 μm and an azimuth of $\mathrm{0}°$

Fig. 20. Variation of polarization with observation angle for different solar zenith angles at a wavelength of 1.65 μm and an azimuth of $\mathrm{180}°$

Fig. 21. Variation of polarization with observation angle at different wavelengths for a solar zenith angle of $\mathrm{15}°$

Fig. 22. Variation of polarization with observation angle at different wavelengths for a solar zenith angle of $\mathrm{45}°$

Fig. 23. Variation of polarization with observation angle at different wavelengths for a solar zenith angle of $\mathrm{75}°$