Fig. 1. Location of the study site in the Yellow River Delta

Fig. 2. Photographs of foraging-associated hollows of birds in degraded coastal saltmarsh ecosystem

Fig. 3. Photographs of foraging-associated hollows of birds intercepting seeds of Suaeda salsa in winter (a, b), promoting seedling establishment of Suaeda salsa in spring (c, d), and promoting plant survival of Suaeda salsa (e, f)

Fig. 4. Comparison of amount of intercepted seeds, established seedlings, and survived plants per unit area between foraging-associated hollows of birds and degraded flat microtopography areas

Fig. 5. Comparison of basic physical indicators of edaphic environment between foraging-associated hollows of birds and degraded flat microtopography areas

Fig. 6. Comparison of nutrient indicators of edaphic environment between foraging-associated hollows of birds and degraded flat microtopography areas