Fig. 1. Germination rate (a), length of shoot (b), length of root (c) of Brassica oleracea after carbon ion beam irradiation(different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups (p<0.05))

Fig. 2. Survival rate (a), seedling height (b), leaf area (c), length-width ratio leaves (d) of Brassica oleracea after carbon ion beam irradiation (different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups (p<0.05))

Fig. 3. SOD activity (a), POD activity (b), CAT activity (c) , MDA content (d) of Brassica oleracea after carbon ion beam irradiation (different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups (p<0.05))

Fig. 4. ChlorophyⅡ a (a), ChlorophyⅡ b (b), ChlorophyⅡ a/b ratio (c) ,Carotenoid (d) of Brassica oleracea after carbon ion beam irradiation (different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups (p<0.05))

Fig. 5. Net photosynthesis rate (a), transpiration rate (b), stomatal conductance (c), intercellular CO₂ concentration (d) of Brassica oleracea after carbon ion beam irradiation (different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups (p<0.05))

Fig. 6. The maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (a), a ctual quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (b), photochemical quenching coefficient (c), non-photochemical quenching coefficient (d) of Brassica oleracea after carbon ion beam irradiation (different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups (p<0.05))

Fig. 7. Pearson correlation analysis of physiological indexes of Brassica oleracea after carbon ion beam irradiation (SR: survival rate, SH: seeding height, LA: leaf area)