Fig. 1. Flow chart of our method

Fig. 2. Positive face feature points extracted by ASM. (a) Positive face 1; (b) positive face 2

Fig. 3. Feature points extracted by different methods. (a) ASM; (b) PRN

Fig. 4. Facial edge features extracted based on Canny operator. (a) Face image; (b) face edge

Fig. 5. Superposition of face edge and face feature points. (a) Face edge; (b) face feature points;(c) superimposed image

Fig. 6. Structure of the edge feature detector

Fig. 7. Feature points before and after calibration. (a) Before calibration; (b) after calibration

Fig. 8. Projection results. (a) 3D face model; (b) projected image

Fig. 9. Result of model rendering. (a) Before rendered; (b) after rendered

Fig. 10. NMSE with different coefficients. (a) λ_id; (b) λ_exp

Fig. 11. NMSE of reconstructed image by different methods

Fig. 12. 3D face reconstruction results. (a) 2D image; (b) 0°; (c) 30°; (d) 60°; (e) 90°

Fig. 13. Reconstruction results of different methods. (a) 2D image; (b) VRN method; (c) 3DDFA method; (d) 3DMM-CNN method; (e) our method