Fig. 1. Transmission and reflection modes of laser propulsion

Fig. 2. Experimental system. (a) Schematic diagram; (b) Experimental scene graph

Fig. 3. Semiconductor laser

Fig. 4. Single pulse impulse P and specific impulse change I_spwith power density

Fig. 5. Result of impulse coupling coefficient C_mand ablation efficiency η change with laser power density

Fig. 6. Result of the variation of single pulse impulse P and specific impulseI_sp with laser pulse width

Fig. 7. Particulate matter with incomplete ablation

Fig. 8. Cross-sectional view of laser ablation target pit with 400 μs width

Fig. 9. Result of impulse coupling coefficient C_m and ablation efficiencyη varying with laser pulse width