Fig. 1. Flow chart of two background noise removal algorithms

Fig. 2. Comparison of spectrum estimation results of two noise removal algorithms at a detection distance of 2370 m

Fig. 3. Comparison diagram of spectral peaks before and after enhan-cement using the peak sharpening principle of even derivatives

Fig. 4. Flow chart of linear prediction spectrum estimation algorithm

Fig. 5. Comparison diagram of interpolation spectrum estimation algorithm before and after processing (2022-05-09 15:03:36-detection distance bin: 14700 m)

Fig. 6. Signal processing flow of integrated algorithm of power spectrum frequency shift estimation

Fig. 7. (a) 3D scanning pulsed coherent Doppler lidar Leice Wind3D6000; (b) Ultrasonic anemometer Vaisala WMT700

Fig. 8. Comparison diagram of wind speed evaluation results of two frequency shift estimation models in a fixed scanning direction

Fig. 9. Comparison of the effective detection range of the two frequency shift estimation models in each pitch angle scanning direction

Fig. 10. (a) Distribution of the mean absolute wind speed with the detection distance under the two frequency shift estimation models; (b) Distribution of the wind speed standard deviation with the detection distance under the two frequency shift estimation models

Fig. 11. Variation of the spatial autocorrelation function of wind speed retrieved by two frequency shift estimation models with the detection range

Fig. 12. Schematic diagram of equipment placement and scanning along runway 01-19

Fig. 13. Schematic diagram of 3D vector wind field and RHI scanning plane

Fig. 14. Schematic representation of wind speed vector decomposition on the RHI scan plane

Fig. 15. Correlation analysis of lidar near-field observation data and ultrasonic anemometer data. (a) The obtained radial wind speed retrieved by applying the maximum likelihood discrete spectrum peak estimation algorithm; (b) The obtained radial wind speed retrieved using the proposed power spectrum analysis method

Fig. 16. Correlation analysis of lidar far-field observation data and ultrasonic anemometer data. (a) The obtained radial wind speed retrieved by applying the maximum likelihood discrete spectrum peak estimation algorithm; (b) The obtained radial wind speed retrieved using the proposed power spectrum analysis method

Fig. 17. Time-height-intensity (THI) plot of the spatial and temporal distribution of vertical wind speed

Fig. 18. Statistical box plot of vertical airflow velocity distribution

Fig. 19. Temporal distribution of effective detection range of lidar in wind field measurement