Opto-Electronic Engineering, Volume. 49, Issue 8, 220006(2022)
Optical microfiber resonator: principle and applications
Figures & Tables(17)
![(a) Effective refractive index of HE11 and HE12 mode for step-index fiber with varied diameter; (b) Cross-section mode field distribution of fiber with cladding diameter of 80 μm and 20 μm[25]; (c) Variation of effective refractive index for high-order modes in microfiber versus diameter at wavelength of 800 nm](/Images/icon/loading.gif){kind=icon}
Fig. 3. (a) Effective refractive index of HE11 and HE12 mode for step-index fiber with varied diameter; (b) Cross-section mode field distribution of fiber with cladding diameter of 80 μm and 20 μm[25]; (c) Variation of effective refractive index for high-order modes in microfiber versus diameter at wavelength of 800 nm
Fig. 4. Microfiber resonators. (a) Microfiber loop resonator; (b) Microfiber knot resonator; (c) Microfiber coil resonator
Fig. 5. (a) Natural coordinate system of MCR; (b) MCR under cylindrical coordinates; (c) Cross-section of adjacent microfibers
Fig. 6. Parameters of microfiber resonator. (a) Group delay; (b) Dispersion; (c) Transmission spectrum
Fig. 8. (a) Schematic diagram of flame-brushing technique; (b) SEM image of a silica microfiber
Fig. 9. Fabrication of microfiber resonator. (a) Fabrication of MLR; (b) MKR’s cutting-end fabrication; (c) MKR’s complete fabrication; (d) Microscopic image of MKR; (e) Microscopic image of MCR; (f) Fabrication of MCR; (g) Fabrication of graphene-integrated MCR
Fig. 10. Temperature sensitivity as a function of the microfiber radius after package
Fig. 11. Sensors based on microfiber resonators. (a) Refractometric sensor based on MLR[52]; (b) Graphene oxide deposited MKR for gas sensing[62]; (c) Temperature sensor based on MKR[64]; (d) Current sensor based on graphene-integrated MCR; (e) Hybrid-plasmonic MKR; (f) Soft and wearable HPMKR sensor; (g) Fiber hydrophone based on MKR[39]; (h) Microfluidic sensor based on MCR; (i) 3D-stereo grating based on a microstructured rod with MCR
Fig. 12. Optical signal processing.(a) MCR broad band polarizer[38]; (b) Graphene-integrated MCR all-optical modulator[81]; (c) Polarization-dependent modulation of graphene-integrated MCR all-optical modulator[81]; (d) Graphene-integrated MKR all-optical modulator[82]; (e) WS2-integrated MKR all-optical modulator[83]; (f) MCR delay line[84]
Fig. 13. Application of microfiber resonators in fiber laser.(a) Application schemes of microfiber-resonator-based fiber laser; (b) Operation regimes of microfiber-resonator-based fiber laser
Table 1. Performance comparison of 3 microfiber fabrication methods
View tableView in ArticleTable 1. Performance comparison of 3 microfiber fabrication methods
两步法 体块直接拉制法 扫火法 玻璃材料 石英 石英、碲酸盐、磷酸盐 石英 损耗/(dB/mm) 0.1 (633/1550 nm) ~ 0.1 (633 nm) ~ 0.02 (1550 nm) 低损耗直径/nm 450/1100 (633/1550 nm) 420/280/410 (石英/碲酸盐/磷酸盐) 375 极限直径/nm 50 50 130 参考文献 [ 5 ][ 41 ][ 9 ,42 ]
Table 2. Sensors based on microfiber resonators
View tableView in ArticleTable 2. Sensors based on microfiber resonators
谐振器类型 测量对象 灵敏度 参考文献 浓度传感 MCR 异丙基浓度 40 nm/RIU [ 51 ]MLR 酒精浓度 甘油浓度 17.8 nm/RIU 109.7 nm/RIU [ 52 ]MLR 海水盐度 1000 nm/RIU 或 2 nm/% [ 53 ]MKR 甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇浓度 / [ 54 ]MKR NaCl浓度 1.7 nm/% [ 55 ]MKR NaCl浓度 0.2 nm/% [ 56 ]MKR 湿度 1.2 pm/% (石英光纤) 8.8 pm/% (聚合物光纤) [ 57 ]MLR 湿度 1.8 pm/% [ 58 ]MKR 湿度 5.95 pm/% [ 59 ]MKR 湿度 1.53 nm/% [ 60 ]MKR NH3分子浓度 CO分子浓度 0.35 pm/ppm 0.17pm/ppm [ 62 ]MCR Pb2+离子浓度 702 pm/ppm [ 63 ]温度传感 MKR 温度 280 pm/℃ [ 65 ]MKR 温度 266 pm/℃ [ 64 ]MLR 温度 0.043 dB/℃ [ 66 ]MKR 电流 0.0513 nm/A2 [ 67 ]MCR 电流 220.65 nm/A2 [ 68 ]MCR 电流 6.7297×104 nm/A2 [ 69 ]应力传感 MKR 压强 51.2 pm/kPa [ 33 ]MKR 压强 16.02 pm/kPa [ 71 ]MKR 压强 −288 dB re (μPa)−1 [ 39 ]其它 MKR 加速度 29 pm/G [ 73 ]MKR 磁场 ~ 0.3 pm/Oe [ 74 ]
Table 3. Signal processing based on microfiber resonators
View tableView in ArticleTable 3. Signal processing based on microfiber resonators
谐振器类型 应用方式 性能参数 参考文献 滤波器 工作波长/nm FSR/nm 精细度 对比度/dB 插损/dB MLR 滤波 840 3.2~3.8 4.3 10 0.97 [ 75 ]MKR 通信码型转换 1550 0.32~0.64 / > 10 8 [ 77 ]MLR 上下载滤波 1550 0.3~0.64 4~6.5 3.7~7.5 2.5 [ 78 ]MKR 滤波 4600 2~9.6 10.2 4~8 > 4 [ 80 ]调制器 工作波长/nm 调制深度/dB 调制效率/(dB/mW) 上升/下降时间/ms MCR 全光调制 1550 7.5 0.2 / [ 81 ]MKR 全光调制 1550 7.4 0.02 / [ 82 ]MKR 全光调制 1550 17.1 0.4 120/100 [ 83 ]MKR 全光调制 1550 12.7 0.5 2.8/3.3 [ 86 ]MKR 全光调制 1550 12.9 0.26 0.306/0.301 [ 87 ]MKR 热光调制 1550 13.4 / 0.0908/0.0897 [ 88 ]非线性 泵浦光波长/nm 信号光波长/nm 转换效率 谐振腔增强因子 MLR 二次谐波产生 1550 775 2.4 × 10−7 5.7 [ 89 ]MLR 三次谐波产生 1550 516.7 1.8 × 10−5 5.9 [ 90 ]
Table 4. Fiber laser based on microfiber resonators
View tableView in ArticleTable 4. Fiber laser based on microfiber resonators
谐振器类型 性能参数 参考文献 单波长激光器 中心波长/nm 线宽/pm 对比度/dB 输出功率/μW MKR 1541.1 50 47 8 [ 34 ]MKR 1536 3.2 × 10−4 38 0.9575 [ 94 ]MKR 1560.6 16 60 / [ 95 ]MKR 1550.772 16 60.6 8 × 103 [ 96 ]多波长连续激光器 中心波长/nm FSR/nm 波长通道数 MKR 567~580 0.21 6 [ 46 ]MKR 1528.3~1561.3 0.184 11 [ 97 ]MKR 1564 0.09 42 [ 98 ]MKR 1546.95~1562.29 0.813 1~4 [ 99 ]MCR 1882.5 0.54 12 [ 100 ]MKR 1965 5.8 3 [ 101 ]多波长脉冲激光器 中心波长/nm FSR/nm 波长通道数 重复频率 脉宽/ps MKR 1535 1.12 7 5.3 MHz 16.3 [ 103 ]MKR 1045 1561 0.59 0.86 4 6 162 GHz 106.7 GHz < 6.17 <9.37 [ 104 ]MKR 1560 0.33~1.16 > 3 41 GHz~144 GHz 6.6 [ 40 ]MLR 1555 0.46 > 3 57.8 GHz 3.4 [ 105 ]MKR 1533 1548 0.22 15 / 27.4 GHz 15.5/140 MHz 1.55 1.36/1.45 [ 106 ]
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Zixuan Ding, Ye Chen, Fei Xu. Optical microfiber resonator: principle and applications[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2022, 49(8): 220006
Paper Information
Category: Article
Received: Feb. 25, 2022
Accepted: --
Published Online: Aug. 23, 2022
The Author Email: Xu Fei (feixu@nju.edu.cn)
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