Blind identification of occurrence of multi-modality in laser-feedback-based self-mixing sensor

Fig. 1. Experimental (a), (b) multi- and (c) mono-modal SM signals acquired under different OF coupling and operating current conditions based on the HL6501MG LD ( $I_{th} = 45 mA$ ) with $I_{oper}$ of (a), (c) 78 mA and (b) 82 mA.

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Fig. 2. Flowchart of customized maxima detection technique variations ( ${var}_{p-diff}$ ).

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Fig. 3. Flowchart of the variance-based technique (VBT).

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Fig. 4. Steps of the kurtosis-based technique (KBT), skewness-based technique (SBT), and skewness–kurtosis-based technique (SKBT).

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Fig. 5. Evolution of parameters with respect to $C$ and target vibration amplitude for noiseless mono-modal signal (a) ${var}_{p-diff}$ , (b) ${SM}_{kur}$ , (c) ${SM}_{skw}$ , and (d) $| {SM}_{skur} |$ .

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Fig. 6. Simulated mono-modal SM signals with SNRs of 10 dB and 40 dB in the case of (a) weak feedback regime ( $C = 0.1$ ) and (b) moderate feedback regime ( $C = 4$ ).

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Fig. 7. Correctly identified experimental mono-modal SM signals.

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Fig. 8. Correctly identified experimental (a) bi-modal and (b) tri-modal SM signals.

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Table 1. Values of Statistical Parameters of Simulated Normalized Mono-Modal SM Signals for Varying SNR under Weak-Feedback Regime for C=0.1 and Amplitude of 5λ0
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Table 1. Values of Statistical Parameters of Simulated Normalized Mono-Modal SM Signals for Varying SNR under Weak-Feedback Regime for C=0.1 and Amplitude of 5λ0
Techs. Feats. SNR (10 dB) SNR (20 dB) SNR (30 dB) SNR (40 dB)
VBT ${var}_{p ‐ diff}$ 0.015 0.012 0.012 0.008
KBT ${SM}_{kur}$ 1.718 1.452 1.433 1.429
SBT ${SM}_{skw}$ 0.149 0.144 0.142 0.141
SKBT $| {SM}_{skur} |$ 11.458 10.053 9.821 9.510

Table 2. Values of Statistical Parameters of Simulated Normalized Mono-Modal SM Signals for Varying SNRs under Moderate-Feedback Regime (C=4) and Amplitude of 5λ0
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Table 2. Values of Statistical Parameters of Simulated Normalized Mono-Modal SM Signals for Varying SNRs under Moderate-Feedback Regime (C=4) and Amplitude of 5λ0
Techs. Feats. SNR (10 dB) SNR (20 dB) SNR (30 dB) SNR (40 dB)
VBT ${var}_{p ‐ diff}$ 0.016 0.011 0.007 0.006
KBT ${SM}_{kur}$ 2.267 2.253 2.099 2.007
SBT ${SM}_{skw}$ −0.345 −0.340 −0.326 −0.320
SKBT $| {SM}_{skur} |$ 6.777 6.627 6.162 6.103

Table 3. Extracted Threshold Values of Proposed Statistical Parameters Based on Simulations on Mono-Modal SM Signals under Varying Optical Feedback, Vibration Amplitude, and Signal to Noise Ratio
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Table 3. Extracted Threshold Values of Proposed Statistical Parameters Based on Simulations on Mono-Modal SM Signals under Varying Optical Feedback, Vibration Amplitude, and Signal to Noise Ratio
VBT KBT SBT SKBT
Features ${var}_{p ‐ diff}$ ${SM}_{kur}$ ${SM}_{skw}$ $| {SM}_{skur} |$
Threshold values 0.017 2.7 0.2 5

Table 4. Performance of Proposed Techniques by Testing Experimentally Acquired Dataset of 60 SM Signals
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Table 4. Performance of Proposed Techniques by Testing Experimentally Acquired Dataset of 60 SM Signals
Techs. $N_{mon} / N_{mul}$ $N_{mon-Ti}$ $N_{mul-Ti}$ $N_{mon-Fi}$ $N_{mul-Fi}$ $N_{to-Ti}$ $R_{s} / %$
VBT 30/30 30 21 9 0 51 85
KBT 30/30 24 21 9 6 45 75
SBT 30/30 29 26 4 1 55 91
SKBT 30/30 26 30 0 4 56 93
MV 30/30 30 30 0 0 100 100

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Muhammad Usman, Usman Zabit, Olivier D. Bernal, Gulistan Raja, "Blind identification of occurrence of multi-modality in laser-feedback-based self-mixing sensor," Chin.Opt.Lett. 18, 011201 (2020)

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Paper Information

Category: Optical Sensing, Measurements, and Metrology

Received: Jul. 22, 2019

Accepted: Sep. 20, 2019

Published Online: Dec. 10, 2019

The Author Email: Usman Zabit (usman.zabit@seecs.nust.edu.pk)

DOI:10.3788/COL202018.011201

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. Values of Statistical Parameters of Simulated Normalized Mono-Modal SM Signals for Varying SNR under Weak-Feedback Regime for C=0.1 and Amplitude of 5λ0

Table 1. Values of Statistical Parameters of Simulated Normalized Mono-Modal SM Signals for Varying SNR under Weak-Feedback Regime for C=0.1 and Amplitude of 5λ0

Table 2. Values of Statistical Parameters of Simulated Normalized Mono-Modal SM Signals for Varying SNRs under Moderate-Feedback Regime (C=4) and Amplitude of 5λ0

Table 2. Values of Statistical Parameters of Simulated Normalized Mono-Modal SM Signals for Varying SNRs under Moderate-Feedback Regime (C=4) and Amplitude of 5λ0

Table 3. Extracted Threshold Values of Proposed Statistical Parameters Based on Simulations on Mono-Modal SM Signals under Varying Optical Feedback, Vibration Amplitude, and Signal to Noise Ratio

Table 3. Extracted Threshold Values of Proposed Statistical Parameters Based on Simulations on Mono-Modal SM Signals under Varying Optical Feedback, Vibration Amplitude, and Signal to Noise Ratio

Table 4. Performance of Proposed Techniques by Testing Experimentally Acquired Dataset of 60 SM Signals

Table 4. Performance of Proposed Techniques by Testing Experimentally Acquired Dataset of 60 SM Signals