Fig. 1. Illumination model diagram of LED array

Fig. 2. Flow chart of particle swarm algorithm

Fig. 3. Three-dimensional function images of test functions

Fig. 4. Convergence curves of optimization iterations for test functions

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of arithmetic LED array

Fig. 6. Schematic of circular and rectangular LED arrays

Fig. 7. Comparison of evaluation function values before and after improvement of particle swarm algorithm

Fig. 8. Illumination distribution and contour curve of arithmetic LED array

Fig. 9. Illumination distribution and contour curve of rectangular LED array

Fig. 10. Illumination distribution and contour curve of circular LED array

Fig. 11. Comparison of uniformity of three LED arrays before and after optimization