Fig. 1. Frame of interactions between urbanization and the resource environment based on process- effect-mechanism

Fig. 2. Trends of population urbanization in Central Asia (1960-2017)

Fig. 3. Land cover structure in the neighborhood of major cities in Central Asia (2015)Note: In 2019, the Kazakhstan capital Astana was renamed Nursultan.

Fig. 4. Land use variation index in 100-km circle of major cities in Central Asia (1990‒2015)

Fig. 5. Variations in urban land compactness in 47 major cities

Fig. 6. Relationship between urbanization rate and natural water intake in every state in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan

Fig. 7. Relationship between urbanization rate and structure of water consumption in every state in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan

Fig. 8. The spatial evolution of the relationship between urbanization and the resource environment in different periods in Central Asia (sketch map)

Fig. 9. Factors influencing the relationship between urbanization and the resource environment in different periods in Central Asia