Fig. 1. Schematic diagrams of the principle of 3D road surface morphometry and the source of multi-frequency vehicle vibration information. (a) Laser triangulation principle; (b) vehicle multi-frequency vibration information

Fig. 2. Experimental platform. (a) Pavement morphology measurement vehicle; (b) acquisition unit

Fig. 3. Flow chart of multi-frequency vibration information removal based on an improved Harris Hawk optimization algorithm for parametric adaptive variational modal decomposition

Fig. 4. The convergence speed and solution accuracy diagrams of different algorithms in 23 sets of benchmark test functions

Fig. 5. Time domain diagram of the simulated signal

Fig. 6. Frequency domain diagram of the simulated signal

Fig. 7. The variation curve of the minimum envelope entropy value of the simulated signal

Fig. 8. AMHHO-VMD decomposition simulation signal

Fig. 9. EMD algorithm decomposition simulation signal

Fig. 10. Wavelet packet decomposition simulation signal

Fig. 11. Conversion of acceleration signals from time domain to frequency domain. (a) Time domain; (b) frequency domain

Fig. 12. Real collected pavement longitudinal profile data. (a) Slope pavement; (b) uneven pavement

Fig. 13. AMHHO-VMD decomposition the real collected pavement longitudinal profile signal

Fig. 14. Three-dimensional pavement morphology and the effect of multi-frequency vibration components from the collection vehicle. (a) Test road section a; (b) test road section b; (c) test road section c