Spatiotemporal characteristics and driving mechanism of the coupling coordination degree of urbanization and ecological environment in Kazakhstan

Jinchuan HUANG; Ying NA; Yu GUO

doi:10.1007/s11442-020-1813-9

Journal of Geographical Sciences, Volume. 30, Issue 11, 1802(2020)

Spatiotemporal characteristics and driving mechanism of the coupling coordination degree of urbanization and ecological environment in Kazakhstan

Jinchuan HUANG^1,2、*, Ying NA^1,2, and Yu GUO^1,2,3

Author Affiliations

¹Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China

²College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

³School of Ecology Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China

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Figures & Tables(11)

Fig. 1. Urbanization and ecological environmental systems indexes and trends for the coupling coordination degree at the national scale in Kazakhstan

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Fig. 2. Urbanization and ecological environmental systems index values and trends for the coupling coordination degree within the oblasts of Kazakhstan

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Fig. 3. Spatiotemporal evolution of the comprehensive urbanization index within the oblasts of Kazakhstan from 2000 to 2017

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Fig. 4. Spatiotemporal evolution of the comprehensive ecological environment index within the oblasts of Kazakhstan from 2000 to 2017

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Fig. 5. Spatiotemporal evolution of the coupling coordination degree within the oblasts of Kazakhstan from 2000 to 2017

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Table 1.
Index system for urbanization.

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Table 1.
Index system for urbanization.

First-level index	Weight	Basic-level index	Entropy weight	Coefficient of variation weight	Comprehensive weight
Population urbanization	0.108	Urban population (% of total)	0.499	0.543	0.521
Population urbanization	0.108	Employment in industry and services (% of total employment)	0.501	0.457	0.479
Spatial urbanization	0.504	Urban population density (person/km²)	0.469	0.429	0.451
		Percentage of built-up areas in total land area (%)	0.431	0.396	0.416
		Number of built-up areas per 10,000 people (km²)	0.040	0.086	0.059
		Density of road network per 10,000 people (km²)	0.061	0.090	0.074
Economic urbanization	0.247	GDP per capita (USD)	0.258	0.254	0.257
		Industry and services, value added (% of GDP)	0.027	0.067	0.043
		Gross industrial output value per capita (USD)	0.393	0.352	0.374
		Per capita social fixed assets investment	0.322	0.327	0.326
Social urbanization	0.140	Per capita income and consumption expense	0.293	0.284	0.290
		Number of public buses per 10,000 people	0.281	0.295	0.289
		Number of college students per 10,000 people	0.132	0.182	0.156
		Number of professional doctors per 10,000 people	0.293	0.238	0.265

Table 2.
Index system for ecological environment.

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Table 2.
Index system for ecological environment.

First-level index	Weight	Basic-level index	Entropy weight	Coefficient of variation weight	Comprehensive weight
Ecological environmental status	0.357	Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita (m²)	0.374	0.292	0.332
		Arable land area (ha per person)	0.304	0.344	0.325
		Cereal production per capita (metric kg)	0.323	0.363	0.344
Ecological environmental attributes	0.170	Forest area (% of land area)	0.637	0.624	0.631
Ecological environmental attributes	0.170	Ecological land per capita (m²)	0.363	0.376	0.369
Ecological environmental pressure	0.363	Emissions of solid pollutants (kg per capita)	0.346	0.319	0.332
		Emissions of liquid and gaseous pollutant substances (kg per capita)	0.319	0.322	0.321
		Emissions of free air pollutants, from non-stationary sources (kg per capita)	0.335	0.359	0.347
Ecological environmental response	0.110	Running expenses for ecological environmental protection (thousand tenge)	0.438	0.261	0.346
		Removal rate of pollutants (%)	0.233	0.234	0.238
		Recycling rate of pollutants (%)	0.329	0.505	0.416

Table 3.
Classification of the synergistic development of urbanization and ecological environment.

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Table 3.
Classification of the synergistic development of urbanization and ecological environment.

Primary division of developmental stages		Secondary division of developmental stages	Tertiary division of developmental stages		Code
Uncoordinated	0<D≤0.2	Severe imbalance	E(y)-U(x)>0.1	Uncoordinated; urbanization is blocked	I1
			\|E(y)-U(x)\|≤0.1	Balanced development	I2
			E(y)-U(x)<-0.1	Uncoordinated; ecological environment is blocked	I3
	0.2<D≤0.4	Moderate imbalance	E(y)-U(x)>0.1	Low-level coordination; urbanization is blocked	II1
			\|E(y)-U(x)\|≤0.1	Balanced development	II2
			E(y)-U(x)<-0.1	Low-level coordination; ecological environment is blocked	II3
Transition period	0.4<D≤0.6	Low coordination	E(y)-U(x)>0.1	Basic coordination; urbanization is blocked	III1
			\|E(y)-U(x)\|≤0.1	Balanced development	III2
			E(y)-U(x)<-0.1	Basic coordination; ecological environment is blocked	III3
	0.6<D≤0.8	Moderate coordination	E(y)-U(x)>0.1	High-level coordination; urbanization is blocked	IV1
			\|E(y)-U(x)\|≤0.1	Balanced development	IV2
			E(y)-U(x)<-0.1	High-level coordination; ecological environment is blocked	IV3
Highly coordinated period	0.8<D≤1	Advanced coordination	E(y)-U(x)>0.1	Uncoordinated; urbanization is blocked	V1
			\|E(y)-U(x)\|≤0.1	Balanced development	V2
			E(y)-U(x)<-0.1	Uncoordinated; ecological environment is blocked	V3

Table 4.
Summary of the coupling coordination degree of urbanization and ecological environment within the oblasts of Kazakhstan from 2000 to 2017

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Table 4.
Summary of the coupling coordination degree of urbanization and ecological environment within the oblasts of Kazakhstan from 2000 to 2017

Region	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Akmolinskaya	0.471	0.466	0.476	0.476	0.480	0.490	0.500	0.514	0.510	0.528	0.527	0.546	0.541	0.548	0.553	0.560	0.563	0.572
Aktubinskaya	0.508	0.504	0.517	0.513	0.518	0.528	0.530	0.542	0.550	0.551	0.572	0.587	0.597	0.603	0.609	0.604	0.602	0.607
Almatinskaya	0.400	0.422	0.431	0.425	0.439	0.452	0.465	0.482	0.485	0.491	0.507	0.528	0.524	0.537	0.555	0.568	0.570	0.574
Atyrauskaya	0.524	0.519	0.535	0.532	0.538	0.550	0.562	0.570	0.583	0.594	0.619	0.624	0.615	0.632	0.635	0.649	0.641	0.659
Zapadno- Kazakhstanskaya	0.509	0.510	0.514	0.516	0.523	0.524	0.541	0.553	0.568	0.572	0.591	0.587	0.601	0.609	0.617	0.614	0.619	0.626
Zhambylskaya	0.462	0.459	0.470	0.465	0.472	0.476	0.486	0.515	0.513	0.516	0.516	0.542	0.542	0.568	0.560	0.552	0.559	0.537
Karagandinskaya	0.432	0.443	0.431	0.431	0.446	0.434	0.461	0.481	0.518	0.549	0.555	0.563	0.577	0.589	0.589	0.600	0.601	0.612
Kostanaiskaya	0.504	0.505	0.508	0.507	0.513	0.520	0.528	0.539	0.540	0.543	0.546	0.556	0.551	0.560	0.571	0.564	0.569	0.577
Kyzylordinskaya	0.491	0.487	0.496	0.492	0.498	0.501	0.512	0.542	0.527	0.533	0.551	0.560	0.567	0.572	0.571	0.565	0.566	0.573
Mangistauskaya	0.559	0.566	0.564	0.561	0.576	0.576	0.588	0.589	0.597	0.585	0.590	0.582	0.586	0.589	0.596	0.602	0.596	0.605
Yuzhno- Kazakhstanskaya	0.435	0.439	0.447	0.438	0.449	0.455	0.473	0.498	0.502	0.508	0.497	0.524	0.526	0.543	0.564	0.572	0.575	0.575
Pavlodarskaya	0.460	0.455	0.461	0.458	0.461	0.466	0.468	0.483	0.489	0.508	0.509	0.512	0.510	0.530	0.535	0.550	0.559	0.556
Severo-Kazakhstanskaya	0.400	0.409	0.423	0.428	0.423	0.417	0.433	0.452	0.462	0.483	0.486	0.507	0.516	0.519	0.534	0.541	0.552	0.560
Vostochno-Kazakhstanskaya	0.568	0.569	0.575	0.572	0.579	0.581	0.595	0.602	0.603	0.610	0.633	0.627	0.649	0.653	0.665	0.673	0.682	0.686
Nur-Sultan city	0.587	0.594	0.602	0.599	0.605	0.609	0.620	0.629	0.639	0.636	0.643	0.640	0.645	0.650	0.648	0.657	0.656	0.660
Almaty city	0.679	0.700	0.711	0.711	0.718	0.717	0.724	0.731	0.733	0.738	0.743	0.743	0.744	0.771	0.756	0.759	0.768	0.768

Table 5.
Classification table of the coupling coordination degree of urbanization and ecological environment within the oblasts of Kazakhstan from 2000 to 2017 (for details of the codes used here refer to Table 3)

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Table 5.
Classification table of the coupling coordination degree of urbanization and ecological environment within the oblasts of Kazakhstan from 2000 to 2017 (for details of the codes used here refer to Table 3)

Region	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
Akmolinskaya	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1
Aktubinskaya	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ2
Almatinskaya	Ⅱ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1
Atyrauskaya	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3
Zapadno-Kazakhstanskaya	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅳ1	Ⅳ1	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ2
Zhambylskaya	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1
Karagandinskaya	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ3	Ⅲ3	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ3	Ⅲ3	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ2
Kostanaiskaya	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1
Kyzylordinskaya	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1
Mangistauskaya	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅳ2
Yuzhno-Kazakhstanskaya	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1
Pavlodarskaya	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2
Severo-Kazakhstanskaya	Ⅱ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1
Vostochno-Kazakhstanskaya	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅲ1	Ⅳ1	Ⅳ1	Ⅳ1	Ⅳ1	Ⅳ1	Ⅳ1	Ⅳ1	Ⅳ1	Ⅳ1	Ⅳ1	Ⅳ1
Nurs-Sultan city	Ⅲ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅲ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3
Almaty city	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ2	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3	Ⅳ3

Table 6.
Dominant interaction factors affecting the harmony between urbanization and ecological environment in Kazakhstan

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Table 6.
Dominant interaction factors affecting the harmony between urbanization and ecological environment in Kazakhstan

Dominant interaction factor	q	Dominant interaction factor	q	Dominant interaction factor	q
Employment in industry and services (% of total employment) ∩ GDP per capita	0.709	Cereal production per capita ∩ Urban population (% of total)	0.717	Recycling rate of pollutants ∩ Employment in industry and services (% of total employment)	0.713
Employment in industry and services (% of total employment) ∩ Gross industrial output value per capita	0.703	Cereal production per capita ∩ Employment in industry and services (% of total employment)	0.752	Emissions of liquid and gasiform pollutant substances ∩ Employment in industry and services (% of total employment)	0.787
Employment in industry and services (% of total employment) ∩ Social fixed asset investment per capita	0.705	Ecological land per capita ∩ GDP per capita	0.743	Emissions of solid pollutants ∩ Employment in industry and services (% of total employment)	0.762
Employment in industry and services (% of total employment) ∩ Number of public buses per 10,000 people	0.704	Ecological land per capita ∩ Employment in industry and services (% of total employment)	0.731	Emissions of free air pollutants, divergent from stationary sources ∩ Employment in industry and services (% of total employment)	0.803
Employment in industry and services (% of total employment) ∩ Number of built-up areas per 10,000 people	0.758	Forest areas (% of land area) ∩ Employment in industry and services (% of total employment)	0.788	Emissions of liquid and gasiform pollutant substances ∩ Gross industrial output value per capita	0.751
Per capita income and consumption expenses ∩ Employment in industry and services (% of total employment)	0.721	Forest area (% of land area) ∩ GDP per capita	0.758	Emissions of liquid and gasiform pollutant substances ∩ Social fixed asset investment per capita	0.753
Number of public buses per 10,000 people ∩ Employment in industry and services (% of total employment)	0.750	Forest area (% of land area) ∩ Urban population (% of total)	0.748	Emissions of free air pollutants from non-stationary sources ∩ Gross industrial output value per capita	0.717
Number of college students per 10,000 people ∩ GDP per capita	0.731	Forest area (% of land area) ∩ Number of college students per 10,000 people	0.729	Emissions of free air pollutants from non-stationary sources ∩ social fixed asset investment per capita	0.711
Number of college students per 10,000 people ∩ social fixed asset investment per capita	0.711	Forest area (% of land area) ∩ Arable land area (hectares per person)	0.716	Emissions of free air pollutants from non-stationary sources ∩ Urban population (% of total)	0.717
Number of college students per 10,000 people ∩ Number of public buses per 10,000 people	0.720	Running expenses for environmental protection ∩ Urban population	0.756	Emissions of free air pollutants from non-stationary sources ∩ Urban population (% of total)	0.704
Number of college students per 10,000 people ∩ Employment in industry and services	0.783	Running expenses on environmental protection ∩ Employment in industry and services	0.739
Number of college students per 10,000 people ∩ Per capita income and consumption expenses	0.712	Running expenses on environmental protection ∩ Number of college students per 10,000 people	0.751
Number of college students per 10,000 people ∩ Number of public buses per 10,000 people	0.784	Purification rate of pollutants ∩ Employment in industry and services	0.726

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Jinchuan HUANG, Ying NA, Yu GUO. Spatiotemporal characteristics and driving mechanism of the coupling coordination degree of urbanization and ecological environment in Kazakhstan[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(11): 1802

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Paper Information

Received: Mar. 22, 2020

Accepted: Aug. 31, 2020

Published Online: May. 7, 2021

The Author Email: HUANG Jinchuan (huangjc@igsnrr.ac.cn)

DOI:10.1007/s11442-020-1813-9

Topics

Resource Economy

Research Articles

Table 1. Index system for urbanization.

Table 1. Index system for urbanization.

Table 2. Index system for ecological environment.

Table 2. Index system for ecological environment.

Table 3. Classification of the synergistic development of urbanization and ecological environment.

Table 3. Classification of the synergistic development of urbanization and ecological environment.

Table 4. Summary of the coupling coordination degree of urbanization and ecological environment within the oblasts of Kazakhstan from 2000 to 2017

Table 4. Summary of the coupling coordination degree of urbanization and ecological environment within the oblasts of Kazakhstan from 2000 to 2017

Table 5. Classification table of the coupling coordination degree of urbanization and ecological environment within the oblasts of Kazakhstan from 2000 to 2017 (for details of the codes used here refer to Table 3)

Table 5. Classification table of the coupling coordination degree of urbanization and ecological environment within the oblasts of Kazakhstan from 2000 to 2017 (for details of the codes used here refer to Table 3)

Table 6. Dominant interaction factors affecting the harmony between urbanization and ecological environment in Kazakhstan

Table 6. Dominant interaction factors affecting the harmony between urbanization and ecological environment in Kazakhstan

Table 1.
Index system for urbanization.

Table 1.
Index system for urbanization.

Table 2.
Index system for ecological environment.

Table 2.
Index system for ecological environment.

Table 3.
Classification of the synergistic development of urbanization and ecological environment.

Table 3.
Classification of the synergistic development of urbanization and ecological environment.

Table 4.
Summary of the coupling coordination degree of urbanization and ecological environment within the oblasts of Kazakhstan from 2000 to 2017

Table 4.
Summary of the coupling coordination degree of urbanization and ecological environment within the oblasts of Kazakhstan from 2000 to 2017

Table 5.
Classification table of the coupling coordination degree of urbanization and ecological environment within the oblasts of Kazakhstan from 2000 to 2017 (for details of the codes used here refer to Table 3)

Table 5.
Classification table of the coupling coordination degree of urbanization and ecological environment within the oblasts of Kazakhstan from 2000 to 2017 (for details of the codes used here refer to Table 3)

Table 6.
Dominant interaction factors affecting the harmony between urbanization and ecological environment in Kazakhstan

Table 6.
Dominant interaction factors affecting the harmony between urbanization and ecological environment in Kazakhstan