Laser diode with narrow linewidth and high frequency stability is extremely important in many fields like high-resolution laser spectroscopy, atomic frequency standards, atmospheric and environmental monitoring, optical communications and so on. Therefore, research on frequency stabilization of laser diode is necessary and valuable. The frequency stabilization technologies which are wildly used for semiconductor laser at present are summarized. Their principles are simply given and frequency stability, advantages, disadvantages for every solution are fully analyzed. Finally, the possible development tendency of frequency stabilization technologies for semiconductor laser are presented.

193 nm ArF excimer laser lithography is widely used from below 90 nm node in semiconductor mass production. The key technologies recently employed to improve performance of ArF excimer lasers are analyzed, including master oscillator power regenerative amplifier (MOPRA) and master oscillator power oscillator (MOPO) configurations, active bandwidth stabilization technology, advanced gas management technology. Development trend of excimer laser technology for lithography is briefly discussed.

The basic characteristics of a class of Hermite-type interpolation spline are investigated. Meanwhile, a new adaptive algorithm via Hermite-type interpolation spline for image interpolation is proposed by analyzing the reason of blurring or zigzag on edges of image and considering the demand for the real-time image transfer in multimedia communication. The proposed method provides the less computational complexity for a single kernel function, and the edge-preserving characters can be preserved by using the flexible border in the new algorithm. Illustrations show the validities of the proposed method by comparing with the normal polynomial methods.

The magnetic effect is one of the important error sources that limits the precision of four frequency differential laser gyro. Physical mechanism is analyzed from the operational principle of differential laser gyro, then a novel method of decreasing the magnetic effect is presented. Based on the concept of light intensity difference frequency stabilization, the most suitable frequency stabilization point can be chosen by changing the judging standard of frequency stabilization. At the same time, some pertinent measures are adopted to ensure the stability of the gyro parameters especially the total light intensity. The validity of this method is verified by the experiment results.

The localization of a two-level atom placed in an optical cavity containing a standing wave is investigated, and the single atomic-position can be well-localized by the way of quadrature-field measurement. According to the Rayleigh limit when two two-level atoms are put in the cavity, it is difficult to distinguish between the two atoms if they are very close to each other. Also, the two atoms can be still well-distinguished by quadrature-field measurement. However, if the cavity damping is taken into account, the two-atom relative position localization will be damaged. The larger damping rate of the cavity become, the worse the two-atom relative position localization will be.

The construction methods of tight frame in quantum field are investigated according to the finite-dimensional tight frame in classic field. As one-to-one correspondence between tight frames and rank-one generalized quantum measurement is proved, two construction methods of tight frame in quantum field based on generalized quantum measurement are designed. The results show that two optimal quantum tight frame can separately solve two basic strategies of state discrimination which are minimum error discrimination and optimal unambiguous discrimination. The minimum error discrimination of a given set of vectors using generalized quantum measurement method with the least-squares criteria is precisely quantum tight frame based on least-squares measurement, which can be divided into two situations, constrained least-squares frame (CLSF) that has specified scale and unconstrained least-squares frame (ULSF) whose scale is chosen to minimize the least-squares error. Quantum tight frame based on optimal unambiguous discrimination is also given using quantum generalized measurement method. Finally, an example is given to compare these optimal construction methods of tight frame and results show that ULSF is the best.

A scheme is proposed to implement a quantum controlled-phase gate between two four-level atoms inside the different optical cavities. The scheme combines the advantage of scalability from the photon and power of strong atom-photon coupling, which yields the desired unitary evolution operation. The scheme is immune to decoherence due to cavity photon decay and atomic spontaneous emission, and the operation is implemented probabilistically with a very high fidelity.

The entanglement dynamics of two two-level atoms which are respectively trapped in two independent dissipative single-mode cavities and strongly driven by the classical fields is investigated analytically utilizing the super operator method. It is found that the entanglement is not related to the initial value of the cavity coherent states. The driving field enhances the entanglement sudden death for small dissipation of the cavity, while it protects the entanglement from sudden death for large dissipation in the presence of strong driving field. These results show that even in the bad cavity (with large decay rate), the entanglement can be free from sudden death with the assistance of classical driving field.

Based on the model of quantum key distribution (QKD) system with a heralded single photon source (HSPS), three typical BB84-decoy-state methods are introduced including active decoy-state protocol, passive decoy-state protocol and the protocol combining active and passive decoy-state idea. The performance and implementation difficulty of the three decoy-state methods are analyzed with numerical simulation. The results show that the key generation rate of BB84 decoy-state protocol is increased by the passive decoy idea. Passive decoy-state method proposed by Adachi, Yamamoto, Koashi and Imoto (AYKI) is easy to implement and speedy to distribute keys because there is no need to prepare decoy states actively. Furthermore, the performance of the AYKI protocol is close to that of the infinite decoy-state protocol. The performance of the method combining active and passive decoy-state idea is better than that of AYKI protocol, but there is not much room left for improvement after the AYKI protocol is implemented.

A scheme is presented for quantum information splitting of arbitrary two-particle state by using two GHZ states as quantum channel. In this scheme, Alice performs two Bell-state measurements and publishes four classical bits to her two receivers (Bob and Charlie). If the two recipients collaborate together, they can deterministically reconstruct the quantum information by performing single-qubit measurements and two single-qubit unitary operations. And the unitary operation is explicitly given with the splitting scheme.

The field entropy evolution of two moving atoms interacting with the binomial field in the multiphoton Tavis-Cumming model is studied. Influences of the atomic motion and parameters of the binomial light field on the field entropy are discussed by means of full quantum theory. The results indicate that parameters of the binomial optical field do not influence periodicity of evolution of the field entropy, but it has effect on the value of the filed entropy. With increase of photon number of atomic transition, the periodicity of evolution of the field entropy and the disentanglement were disappearing gradually. The speed of moving atoms affects the periodicity of evolution of field entropy and the value of entropy. But the increase of photon number of atomic transition will weaken the influence of atomic motion on the field entropy. When the field is in the middle states, the speed of atoms is lower and the photon number of atomic transition is larger, the binomial field and the two atoms will be in entangled state for a long time.

The fidelities of quantum states in the system of two-mode entangled coherent field interacting with atoms in the Bell states in Kerr thin medium are investigated by means of full quantum theory. The results indicate that for ideal cavity, the fidelity of the system always equals to that for the coherent maintenance state at original time when average photon number of cavity fields is very small. When average photon number of cavity fields increases, the fidelity of the system is humdrum attenuation. The fidelity of the system oscillates periodically from 0 to 1 for other Bell states at original time when average photon number of cavity fields is very small. When average photon number of cavity fields increases, oscillatory frequency of the fidelity increases and amplitude decreases. For fine cavity, the fidelity is humdrum exponent attenuation for the coherent maintenance state at original time. The fidelity is oscillatory exponent attenuation for other Bell states at original time, and when average photon number of cavity fields increases, oscillatory frequency of the fidelity increases.

Using transfer matrix method, the transmission spectra of one-dimensional photonic crystal (AB)m (BACAB)n (BA)m are investigated. The results show that in the case of double positive and negative medium, all the bands of photonic crystal (BACAB)n were situated in the band gaps of photonic crystal (AB)m (BA)m to constitute the structure of photonic quantum well with the symmetric central frequency ω0/ω. The symmetric local resonance transmission peak appears in the transmission spectra of photonic quantum well and shows obvious spectra quantization effects. The numbers and positions of transmission peaks can be adjusted by controlling n, and the structures of transmission spectra of double positive and negative medium are same, but the bandwidth and clearance of the latter is longer. This characteristics can be used to design adjustable multi-channel filters, optical switches and so on.

Laser interferometry based on self-mixing effect is widely used to measure displacement, velocity, vibration and distance due to compactness, robustness, as well as low cost. Self-mixing interference produced by the feedback of light from a moved target into an edge emitting laser (EEL) was experimentally investigated for sensing applications. The self-mixing velocimeter with different types of surface, values of sample time and injection current, signal process system are also discussed. The results indicate that high precision requirement can be reached with different types of surface, values of sample time 0.1 s, 1 s. Experimental results of the self-mixing velocity measurement system show that selecting proper injection current (above 1.1 times of threshold current) of EEL and null control technique can enhance signal to noise ratio (SNR) of self-mixing signal. This conclusion can help to improve the mechanism of self-mixing and optimize the self-mixing vibration measurement system.

Ultrafast relaxation process of photoexcited charge carriers in semiconductor nanoparticles is modeled with the analysis of state levels structure. Several parameters, that affect this process, are discussed. The result shows that, with the increasing of excited intensity or decreasing of surface state density, the electron saturation of the surface state would cause the electron build-up of conduction state and lead to a longer life time. The relaxation of deep trapped electrons is the main limit of response time for nanoparticles. The model is used to analyze pump-probe experiment, showing potential use in experimental analysis.

The effect of pressures to ZnO structures and optical properties was studied. All the work was performed by adopting the first-principles based on the density function theory(DFT). The electronic structures were optimized under different pressures. The dielectric function, complex refractive index, absorption coefficient and reflectivity for ZnO were calculated and analysed at 0, 2, 4, …, 12 GPa. The results indicate that, with pressure increasing, the lattice constants and cell volume become smaller, the internal parameter u increases, bond of Zn-O becomes shorter, the covalency is enhanced and the band gap becomes wider. The spectral graphs show that pressures have little effect on optical properties in low energy region, but all the optical properties have obvious blue shift with the increase of pressures in high energy region.

The modified random-element isodisplacement (MREI) model is improved. The different second neighbor force constants are used to calculate the frequencies of optical phonons of the mixed crystals, and the first neighbor force constants can be evaluated to be a negative exponent variation with the composition x, thus the relationship between optical phonons frequencies and composition x of several AB1-x Cx style mixed crystals was calculated without any modulatory parameters. The theoretical results and experimental data meet well with each other, which gives certain guidance to future experiments.

A symmetry thin-film waveguide stacked by photonic crystals multilayer films was investigated, and its first stop band of photonic crystal multilayer film lies in the range of 73～99 THz. For the electric-magnetic wave with the frequency range of 73～99 THz, its transmission properties in the waveguide were investigated based on multilayer dielectric waveguide analysis method. The results show that only TE0 and TM0 modes can propagate in guided layer, furthermore, its power constrained factor in the guided layer (central layer) is in 0.99～1, in other words, the electromagnetic wave at 73～99 THz is fully constrained in guided layer, for comparison, the power constrained factor of electric-magnetic wave with the frequency of 40 THz and 50 THz out of stop band is 0.84 and 0.86, respectively. Thus, based on the stop band properties of photonic crystal, the symmetry thin-film waveguide stacked by photonic crystals multilayer films exhibits ultra-low attenuation property.

A double-grating combination structure based on equi-intensity cantilever is adopted to achieve simultaneous measurement of temperature and stress. Select two fiber Bragg gratings of the same batch of production with consistent parameters, paste them to the upper and lower beam surface, respectively. The upper and lower beam grating suffers from equivalent stress but in opposite direction, resulting in two reflection peaks to achieve the simultaneous measurement of temperature and stress. The measured grating temperature sensitivity coefficient is 0.1346 nm/°C, the upper and lower beam raster error is only 0.0001 nm/°C, and the stress sensitivity coefficients were 0.4085 nm/N, －0.4089 nm/N, separately, errors are only 0.0004nm/N. The experiment result shows that the method is practical and has a simple craftsmanship, moreover, it overcome the traditional double-grating combination disadvantage that is difficult to ensure the accuracy of measuring position.

The optical characteristics of guided modes in a fiber formed by a core with usual refractive index and a negative refractive index cladding are studied. The difference compared with normal fiber is analyzed through the dispersion curves showing less degenerate modes and larger single-mode area. When the cladding refractive index tends to zero, the optical characteristics are different from the former two fibers. A single-mode in the smaller region V is found, when the permittivity or permeability of the cladding is zero. It is quite different from the mode HE11 in a normal fiber, its dispersive curve has an opposite tendency, and there are some areas where no modes could exist.