As the nonlinearity between the Axial Chromatic Aberration (ACA) and the wavelength of a dispersive objective would lower the overall performance of a chromatic confocal microscope, the dependence of the ACA of an optical system on the lens assembly was studied and the transfer principle of ACA was derived. Based on ACA transfer principle, a dispersive objective configured with a negative and a positive lens groups was proposed, in which both the negative and positive lens groups could generate the linear ACA with specified focal power distribution. Optimized result indicates that the dispersive objective based on the proposed configuration has small longitudinal aberration,a large ACA, and a long working distance. The ACA of dispersive objective is 1 mm in 430-710 nm. The relative nonlinearity of ACA is about 4.6% and the deviation of sensitivity is less than 1/3 that of a whole, superior to traditional ones. With designed dispersive objective, the chromatic confocal microscope can achieve an axial resolution of 0.3 μm and a lateral resolution of 5 μm, which satisfies the re-quirements of precise measurement.

An embedded angle visual inspection system for line structured light was established based on DM642 to detect the angle of the line structured light in real-time accurately. Firstly, a device using the CCD as its image sensor was fixed on a datum plane, and the other one using a line structured laser as its light source was fixed on the plane to be measured. The image of the line structure laser on a screen was acquired by the CCD and its angular position value was obtained by on-line processing of DM642.The angle between the datum plane and the measured plane could be gotten through calibration of the angular position value. Then, the angle α between CCD surface and projection screen surface was proved to be the dominant error source by an error analysis. For compensating the error, a mathematical model was established. On the basis of the model, a calibration method was used as follows: the circular grating was used to control the laser generator to rotate accurately three angular displacements, and the angle value of α and its direction were calculated according to the angular displacement value and the corresponding image detection, then the detection error brought by the angle could be compensated. The experimental results show that the angle error is reduced to 0.595% from 22.522% after compensation when α is 0.331 97° and the measuring uncertainty of the system is 0.051 44°.

When photon time-of-flight measurement is used, the measurement accuracy will decrease due to the reversal error of time-of-flight measurement. In this paper, a method to correct the reversal error is described in detail. The correction method proposed here included two steps: prior modeling calibration and reversal error correction. Firstly, the function relationship between laser pulse response rate and reversal error was obtained by the calibration method and the reversal error prediction function was established. Then, the reversal error of an original 3D image was calculated by the reversal error prediction function and the 3D image was corrected. Finally, a photon counting 3D imaging lidar system was constructed, in which the Geiger mode Avalanche Photodiode(Gm-APD) was used as a photon detector and the high-speed galvanometer as a scanner. A Time Correlation Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) module was used to mark the arrival time of each photon event. The original 3D image and laser pulse response rate were acquired by the arrival time distribution of photon events. In performance evaluation test, the mean square error of ranging results is improved from 33.2 mm to 8.1 mm after correction. The reversal error correction method proposed in this paper effectively reduces the reversal error caused by the energy fluctuation of laser echo pulse in the photon counting 3D imaging lidar.

To measure the Radius of Curvature (ROC) of an optical element accurately, a novel interferometric testing approach by combining a Reflective-type Computer-generated-holography (RTCGH) and the wavelength phase-shifting technology was proposed to measure the ROCs of spherical optical surfaces. In measurement, the RTCGH was used as a reference to calibrate the ROC of the reference surface of a transmission sphere lens. Meanwhile, the lengths of interferometric cavities were measured by using wavelength phase-shifting. Then, the ROC to be measured could be calculated by above data. The system structure and the measuring principle of proposed method were described firstly. And then, combining with an example, the measuring uncertainty was analyzed in detail by the theoretical derivation and computer simulation. Finally, a verification experiment was performed by using a commercial wavelength phase-shifting interferometer in our laboratory. The ROC of an optical spherical sample with an aperture of 100 mm was tested by the method and the test result is 157.108 3 mm. For comparison and validation, the sample was also tested by a spherometer and the relative error is less than 0.02%. Compared with other non-contact ROC measurement methods, this testing way has advantages of less error sources, high measuring precision and convenient operation.

To develop a method based on the lateral scattering luminous flux to measure spray droplet diameter distribution, a uniform diameter single droplet stream generator and a measuring equipment for lateral scattering luminous flux were constructed. On the basis of the scattering theory, the relationship between the droplet radius and its lateral scattering luminous flux was researched by using the uniform diameter single droplet stream generator. The lateral scattering luminous fluxes of two different liquids, water and 0# diesel, were measured under different droplet diameters by a digital camera from different lateral scattering angles, and the relationship between them was analyzed. The experimental results show that a quadratic function relationship exists between the droplet radius and its lateral scattering luminous flux, and the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.98. Furthermore, the lateral scattering angle and the type of the liquid do not change this quadratic function relationship, but they will affect the coefficient of the quadratic function. It provides an important basis for the measurement of spray droplet diameter distribution.

Spatial Heterodyne Spectroscopy (SHS) is a novel technology which shares the advantages of grating diffraction and spatially modulated interferometry. However, the flat-field of the system deviates its theoretical values due to the errors from interferometric gluing and grating etching. This paper explores the calibration principle of the flat-field of the system for the SHS and derives its basic formula by the interferomatric fringe frequency formula. Then, it discusses the principles of zero frequency calibration and designs a new zero frequency calibration device based on an integrating sphere introduced by a tunable laser for eliminating speckles. A calibration experiment is performed on a SHS prototype for atmosphere CO2 fine absorption spectra in Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The calibration result suggests that the instrument′s zero frequency drifts 0.05 nm toward shortwave as compared to the theoretic value, which meets the design requirements.

The Support Vector Regression (SVR) prediction model was established for the rapid detection of tetracycline contents in pork by the synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy combined with Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling (CARS) method. The CARS was used to select tetracycline correlative variables of pork samples from spectral data and the optimum wavelength difference was set to be 65 nm. Then, the performance of three variable selection methods including CARS, Successive Project Algorithm (SPA) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) were compared. Finally, the SVR was used to establish the prediction model for tetracycline contents of the pork by using 16 selected variables. The results show that CARS after Multi Scattering Correction(MSC) processing is superior to SPA and GA and can select feature variables of full spectra efficiently. The prediction model of tetracycline by CARS-SVR is superior to the model established by original spectrum SVR, and the determination coefficient (R2) and the Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) in the CARS-SVR model prediction sets are 0.961 2 and 10.94 mg/kg, respectively. The results demonstrate that synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy combined with CARS-SVR is feasible to predict tetracycline contents of the pork, and CARS-SVR method can simplify the model efficiently and improve the prediction precision.

Key techniques to obtain a sharp image of the long-range target through an opto-electronic tracking system were summarized. To insure the major design parameters of an optical system, the resolution, detection ability and the image plane illumination for the opto-electronic system were analyzed. Based on the effects of atmospheric transmission, optical system and CCD detector, the object-background contrast and the detection ability of a shipborne optic-electronic system were discussed, and the focal length and relative aperture of optical system were reasonably chosen. At last, the detection ability of shipborne optic-electronic equipment was tested on fields based on the developed lens. The results show that the system can meet the demand of the detection range larger than 18 km for flying targets at sea. It provides important testing data and theoretical reference for the design of shipborne opto-electronic system. Meanwhile, the design theory of shipborne optical system is suitable for the designs of vehicle and airborne equipment.

As the phase discrimination error of a phase laser ranging system effects its ranging accuracy, this paper optimizes the designs of a preceding stage (shaping circuit) and a subsequent stage (low-pass filter) in the phase detector. For the shaping circuit, a comparator with hysteresis was designed to avoid the multiple-triggered phenomenon caused by the noise on GND for open loop filters, and stabilizes the output of phase detector. For the low-pass filter, two typical amplifier/filter circuits based on MC4044 and their defects were introduced, a 4th-order low-pass filter was designed by using FilterPro, and its advantages were presented. Experimental results indicate that the multiple-triggered phenomenon is eliminated by using the hysteresis comparator designed, and the rise-time of output square wave falls to 108 ns from 1.66 μs as compared with that of a traditional opened-loop comparator. Furthermore, the 4th-order filter designed in this paper improves the linearity and sensitivity of the DC output, the linearity(R2) increases from 0.908 3 to 0.999 9, and the convention gain improves by 96.5% as compared with that of the typical designs of amplifier/filter circuits. Moreover, the peak-to-peak value of the interference signal on a Low Pass Filter(LPF) DC output decreases from 50-230 mV to 10-20 mV, which reduces the phase detection error effectively.

A modified Dyson spectral imaging system was proposed to overcome the problems that the focal plane detector is hard to be arranged in a classical Dyson spectral imaging system. Firstly, the optical design method of the modified Dyson spectral imaging system was developed based on the Rowland circle theory of refractive spherical surface. Then, the initial parameter computing program was programmed using MATLAB software. As an example, a Dyson spectral imaging system operating in 200-1 000 nm with a relative aperture 1/2 was designed. The initial parameters were computed using proposed MATLAB program, and the ray tracing and optimization for the spectral imaging system were performed with ZEMAX-EE sofware. The analyzed results demonstrate that the Root Mean square(RMS) of a spot radius is less than 4.2 μm in the whole working waveband (from 200 nm to 1 000 nm), which implements astigmatism correction and obtains a good imaging quality in a wide spectral region and a large relative aperture. These results prove the feasibility of the optical design method proposed.

An auto-microimaging system to provide 3D scanning and auto-focus at each dimension was designed for the high throughput micro-imaging of drug screening. The mechanical structure, man-machine interaction software, the section of focusing evaluation function and the image titching of multi-view image for the system were researched. A rack structure was designed to overcome the limitation of accuracy from the deformation and a servo motor and a voice coil motor were combined as a two-stage controller to improve the accuracy and focus speed of the measuring system. Then, an algorithm of auto-focus was presented after several auto-focus evaluating methods were compared. According to the effect of a small view under the high power microscope on the experimental statistics, the function of image stitching was designed to fit the statistical significance of the experiment. On the experimental verification, it indicates that the time to complete the process of auto-focus is 2 s, and the accuracy of auto-focus can reach several micrometers. Moreover, the time to combine the micro-imaging regions of a 4×4 array is 15 s. The system can satisfy the requirements of short detection time, robotization, stability and reliability of cell analyzing with multiple well plates in drug screening.

To detect adulterated milk rapidly and accurately, the discrimination models for adulterated milk were established based on the method of Kernel Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structure (K-OPLS). By using the Gaussian radial basis function as the kernel function and the minimum value of Root Mean Square Errors of Cross-validation (RMSECV)as an evaluation index, the width of the Gaussian kernel, the minimum value of the RMSECV, and the number of Y-orthogonal components (scalar) were selected in a optimization. 36 samples with different concentrations of tetracycline (0.01-0.3 gL-1), melamine (0.01-0.3 gL-1) and glucose (0.01-0.3 gL-1) in milk were prepared, respectively. Then the infrared absorption spectra of all samples were measured. K-OPLS models for tetracycline-tainted milk, melamine-tainted milk and glucose-tainted milk were constructed. The results show that its classification accuracy for tetracycline-tainted milk, melamine-tainted milk and glucose-tainted milk are 100%,100%,95.8%, respectively. The K-OPLS model was used to classify the above three kinds of adulterated milk and pure milk and its classification accuracy for unknown samples is 93.1%. Compared with Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), K-OPLS methods show higher accuracy. The results indicate that the K-OPLS model has good prediction ability for complex milk systems.

According to the high driving potential of existing digital microfluidic devices, a novel crescent electrode was designed to reduce the driving potential based on traditional electrode structure. First, based upon the theory of electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD), the relation between the driving force exerted on a micro-droplet and the chord length of an effective Triple Contact Line (TCL)of the contact circle of the micro-droplet was analyzed. Then, the chord lengths of the effective TCLs from a square electrode,a jagged electrode and the crescent electrode were analyzed. It shows that the chord length of TCL from the crescent electrode is the maximal, so the driving force exerted on the droplet in the digital microfluicic device with the crescent electrode was the maximal. Finally, the droplet driving effect was tested via three kinds of electrode devices. The experimental results show that the minimum driving potential on the device with the crescent electrode can reduce approximately 37% and 67% as compared with those of the square and jagged electrode devices. Furthermore, when the driving potential is 60 VRMS ,a 2μL droplet can be driven at a velocity of 10 cm/s, which is triple and double the velocity of the same droplet on the square and jagged electrode devices. The obtained experimental results validate the feasibility of reducing the driving potential of digital microfluidic device with the crescent electrode .

On the basis of requirements of the closed-loop driving system in a liquid suspended rotor gyroscope for measurement of rotor speeds, a Back-electromotive Force (EMF) rotating speed detection method is proposed for the suspended rotor gyroscope. As induction coils work on Lenz's law, the rotating speed of rotor can be measured by detecting the back-EMF generated by a permanent magnetism (p-m) rotor. Because the detecting coil and driving coil share the same stator core, this method reduces the complexity of the stator, but also introduces a burr interference from the driving rectangular wave. The interference signal is then attenuated by an analog low-pass filter and sampled by an A/D converter. Finally, the rotating speed of rotor can be calculated automatically by using a Micro-controller Unit (MCU) and the zero crossing detection algorithm. The test results show that the relative error of detected value can be within 0.3%, and the nonlinear error is 0.41% when a refresh frequency is 4 Hz and the rotating speed reaches 5 000 r/min. The performance meets the requirement of rotating speed detection.

To eliminate the overshoot of lensbarrel of an aerial camera in process of position control, a tracking differentiator was used to process step signals and to design a position transient process to control accurately the lensbarrel position without overshoots. First, the theory of the tracking differentiator was described and its characteristics were expatiated. And then, by taking position step response with a 90°input as an example, the transient process was designed and compared with that of no transient process design. Experiment results show that the position overshoot of lensbarrel can be eliminated completely through the appropriate transient process design, and the regulation time is reduced also. In the case of 90 °step input, the system overshoot is reduced from 24.4% to zero and the regulation time is shorten by 28.8%. Furthermore, the fast position control of the lensbarrel was realized with non-overshoot in omnirange, in which the least square method was used to fit a curve of step input and a speedability parameter in transient process. The optimum parameter of the transient process was calculated according to the step input in control process. This method has been used in the lensbarrels of aerial cameras, and it obtains a good effect and provides significant and practical values for improving the dynamic performance of systems.

To enhance the friction properties of Cu-based friction materials and study the friction properties of Cu-based friction materials with nanometer particles, the Cu-based friction materials enhanced with nano-AlN (n-AlN) and nano-graphite (n-C) were prepared by powder metallurgy technology, respectively. The effects of nanometer particles on the frictional wear and heat-resistant characteristics of Cu-based friction materials were researched. Then, the microstructures and friction performance were analyzed through a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and a friction tester, respectively. The results indicate that the friction coefficients of friction materials with n-AlN and n-C are higher and stable as comparied with that of the friction materials without any nanometer materials, the wear resistances have been improved by 25 % and 11 %, respectively. The heat resistances of the materials with n-AlN and n-C have been improved by 18 % and 25 %, respectively. The n-AlN and n-C particles can reduce the abrasive wear and enhance the wear resistances of the Cu-based friction materials. The results demonstrate that the n-AlN and n-C particles can enhance the properties of Cu-based friction materials remarkably.

According to the isotropic requirements of micro-nano Coordinate Measuring Machines(CMMs) for a probe, four kinds of elastic structure design schemes for the probe were proposed. A three-dimensional stiffness model of elastic structure was established by mechanical analysis. The stiffnesses of four elastic structures were simulated by using finite element analysis software ANSYS, and the performance characteristics of the four structures were analyzed and discussed, In consideration of a variety of factors like measuring stiffnesses, sensitivity and stable compact structures, a cross shape structure was selected as the elastic structure of micro-nano CMM probe, and its structure parameters were optimized and stiffness isotropic was designed. A high precision three-dimensional micro displacement test platform was set, and the measuring range, linearity and displacement error of the probe were tested and verified by experiments. Simulation and experiment results show that the elastic structure of the probe meets the requirement of a measuring range of 40 μm×40 μm×20 μm, stiffness less than 0.5 mN/μm and stiffness isotropic, and its overall measurement error is less than 100 nm.

As the minimal prototype control system has fast response, smaller overshoots and smaller stable errors, it is suitable for a photo-electric tracking system to capture targets. Therefore, this paper designs a minimal prototype control system for a photo-electric tracking frame and also performs simulation and experimental tests。The experiments show that the simulation results are coincident with that of experiments well, which not only demonstrates that the minimal prototype control system is a linear system in the certain region of tracking signal, but also indicates the influences of a correction part and a front filter. This control method reduces overshoot and adjusting time, inhibits the jitter effect of system. These all show that minimal prototype control method can be used to acquire fast targets in digital guiding and is valuable in the project application for opto-electronic tracking systems.

Light inspection machine is a detecting instrument for visible impurities in liquid by machine vision technology. In order to establish a calibration curve between the particle sizes of impurities in the liquid and their image sizes in the intelligent inspection machine, a calibration method of particle sizes was proposed based on orthogonal binocular vision. First, the correspondence relationship of the impurities in the orthographic camera images was created based on the image spatial location matching and 3D spatial coordinates of the impurity particles in images were obtained. Then, according to the obtained three-dimensional coordinates of the impurity particles in liquid images, one-dimensional magnification errors of cylindrical liquid were calculated, the geometric correction of impurity particle images was completed and the defocused error coefficient was also obtained. Furthermore, the precise values of image sizes of the impurity particles were calculated. Finally, the standard particles with a diameter of 50 μm in a penicillin bottle were calibrated. Calbiration results show that the dispersion coefficients of impurity particle sizes are reduced from 0.11 to 0.05. The experiments indicate that this method can get a particle size calibration curve with a high precision and can help the light inspection machine to measure the particle sizes of impurities in the liquid accurately.

In consideration of the high experimental demands and higher costs of outdoor experiments for laser-angle-deception jam equipment, the simulation methods and technologies of indoor experiments for laser-angle-deception jam were discussed. A indoor simulation system was constructed in indoor field for detecting the laser-angle-deception jam. By equivalent simulation to the actual environment, the indoor simulation system was established for laser-angle-deception jam weapon detection. The composition and principle of the indoor simulation system were introduced. Then, the relation of the angle between guided missile and object was specially studied, and the influencing factors were analyzed, including the angle of mirror, the distance of device, the distance between baseline and diffuse reflecting screen. On the basis of this, its precision was analysed. Finally, the angle between guided missile and object was measured by using Leica, and its error was computed to be 17″ in azimuth and 13″ in elevation as compared to that from a theory. Obtained results prove the feasibility and validity of the indoor simulation system.

An active measurement system was put up to measure the servo accuracy of a servo stable platform. On the basis of the system, a new pose estimation method of monocular vision was proposed according to the parallel theory. First, the hardware composition and measuring principle of the system were introduced and its resolution was analyzed. The calculation principle and calculation process of the world coordinates of laser points were given. Then, from the freedom of a parallel mechanism, the visual measurement system was transformed into a parallel mechanism equivalently, and the pose estimation problem was transformed into a forward solution problem of parallel mechanism. Furthermore, the kinematics influence coefficient of the parallel mechanism was used to estimate the pose of the system. Instead of complex derivations, the kinematics influence coefficient could be obtained directly. The simulation and experimental results show that the orientation measurement accuracy of the system is ± 0.05 °,which concludes that the method has a rapid and stable convergence for the design requirements of the system.

The parameter identification of a six-axis accelerometer is a difficult problem due to its higher input and output volumes and linear dynamic equation. According to this, a four-step method was proposed to identify the 25 decoupling parameters of a parallel type six-axis accelerometer. A calibration platform based on double slider-crank mechanisms was designed and processed to provide the external stimulation and a virtual instrument based on LabVIEW was developed to provide the software support for the parameter identification. The first sets of parameters were identified by averaging pretreatment data in static state. By putting the sensor on the platform to do a pure line movement with the frequency of 1-2 Hz, the dynamic equations were simplified to linear algebraic equations, then the second set of parameters were identified by using the least square method. Similarly, the third set of parameters were identified when the sensor did a pure angular movement with the frequency of 1-2 Hz. The fourth set of parameters were identified by one-dimensional searching about stiffness to mass ratio when the sensor did the pure line movement with the frequency of 4-5 Hz. Experimental results indicate that the maximum relative error is 7.479% after using the identified parameters to decouple the six-axis acceleration, which reduces a magnitude compared to that before parameter identification. Above results verify that the proposed four-step method is correct and feasible.

A flywheel rotor assembled by magnetic beas, a metal hollow hub and three composite cylindrical rings was designed for a high energy storage density magnetic suspended flywheel. The hollow hub made of high strength steel 18Ni350 was used to change the distribution of centrifugal stress, reduce the maximum radial stress and ensure that the working gap of radial magnetic bearings was a constant when the rotor rotated at a high speed. The interference between rotor rings could provide an initial pressure to prevent the rotor from delamination when the rotor rotated at a high speed. In order to find out the quantitative relationship among these factors such as the properties of high strength steel hollow hub,the thickness ratio of rings and the mathematical calculation model was proved accurately by the interference between rings, an mathematical calculation model of the stress distribution was established by a simplified stress model and the mathematical calculation model was proved accurately by the finite element method. Finally, an optimized design scheme was proposed. Obtained results show that the strength distribution can be improved and ultimate speed of the rotor can be increased when the thickness of the outermost ring or the interference between middle ring and outermost ring are increased. When the rotate speed of the rotor is up to 50 000 r/min，the total storage energy can reach 110 Wh，and the corresponding specific energy density is about 40 Wh/kg. These results give a useful hint for the design and optimization of mental-composite flywheel rotors.

A precise axial adjustment mechanism based on 6-PSS type parallel mechanism was designed to realize the stroke adjustment in micrometer sizes and the accuracy adjustment in nanometer sizes for optical elements in a photolithographic objective lens. The amount of the prismatic pairs in the 6-PSS type parallel mechanism was improved into 3 from 6 to decrease the usage number of the actuators and increase the reliability of the axial adjustment mechanism. A fillet thin flexure hinge was designed as the spherical hinge in the 6-PSS parallel mechanism to realize monolithic configuration of the axial adjustment mechanism, by which the alignment process of the optical-mechanical components was simplified and the mechanical accuracy of the mechanism was improved. Based on space vector method, the position relationship between input components and output components of the adjustment mechanism was analyzed and the expression of transmission ratio was derived to provide a basis for determining the primary structural dimension of the axial adjustment mechanism. Verification test results of the axial adjustment mechanism show that the numerical result of the transmission ratio is in good agreement with the experimental one; the adjustment stroke of the axial adjustment mechanism is 74.4 μm and the adjustment accuracy is within 40 nm, which satisfies the operation requirement of the photolithographic objective lens.

To estimate the blur parameter of a linear motion blur image accurately and quickly, this paper analyses how the blur length and direction show in a frequency image and a cepstrum image, respectively, and proposes a motion blur parameter estimation method based on the Principal Component analysis (PCA). Firstly, the cepstrum image of the blur image was segmented in a binaryzation based on the Gaussian distribution modeling, and the highlight line region in the cepstrum image was obtained. Then, the principal component of the highlight line was extracted based on the PCA, and the direction of the principal component was the blur direction. After the blur direction was estimated, the Radon transform of frequency image for the blur image under the estimated direction was calculated, then the result of Radon transform was smoothed to reduce some artifacts. Finally, the blur length was estimated via calculating the interval between the two local-minimas of the Radon transform. Experiment results indicate that the errors of the estimated blur direction and length are 0.138 4°and 0.273 9 pixel, respectively, and the calculation speed is nearly 10 times faster than that of the traditional estimated method based on Radon method with the same accuracy. It concludes that the proposed method can estimate the blur parameter accurately and rapidly.

An improved calibration method that just needs to calibrate one camera parameter was proposed to calibrate a positing and monitoring system for the objects with long distances, larger view field and binocular vision. By considering the leveling device of a vision sensor and combining the condition that the focal length of the camera was fixed in the field，the measurement model was simplified, and parameters to be measured were reduced. The system calibration could be completed when the geographic coordinates of the measuring area center and the cameras, as well as the center coordinates in the image were obtained. With no need for a higher precision target, the effect of target movement and layout on the calibration can be ignored. In application to monitoring an area of 400 m×800 m at 2 km away, the relative error is less than 0.25%, in which that caused by the error of the focal length is less than 0.07%. The proposed method overcomes the difficulty brought by the movement of the target. The improved method could ensure the accuracy, and it is easy to be realized with less time and is suitable for measuring the coordinate in a large field of view.

To solve the image blur problem existed in multiple sources and multi-focus color image fusion algorithms, a novel fusion algorithm based on the quaternion curvelet transform was proposed. First, the traditional curvelet transform was generalized to a quaternion algebra from a real and complex number, and the definition of quaternion curvelet transform and its discrete algorithm were given. Then, the original color image was molded in a quaternion matrix form, and the quaternion-value of the image was analyzed in a multiresolution through quaternion curvelet transform. Furthermore, the “min, max” selection rule was adopted to form a multiresolution of the fused color image. Finally, the fused color image was obtained from the inverse quaternion curvelet transform. The competing multiple multifocus color image fusion methods and the proposed method were compared by the subjective and objective analysis. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method significantly solve the image blur problem, and its Image Sharpness Metric( ISM), Image Contrast Metric (ICM) and Color Colorfulness Metric( CCM) are raised considerably as compared with those of Bidimensional Empirical Mode Decomposition(BEMD)).

When the surface defect of a printed-circuit-board (PCB) is detected by a traditional method, it usually has lower detection accuracy for that the traditional method of standard board is built by properties of PCB image itself. According to the accurate requirements of PCB detection, this paper proposes a new detection system. In this system, the layers of PCB photoelectric image were separated by using Gerber file that have been analyzed, then the analyzed Gerber file was corrected by morphology. And a accurate standard board was built. Furthermore, the frequency information in the color image was extracted based on the principal component analysis, and the detection threshold was set according to different information on different layers. By which, the local detection of PCB was completed and detection accuracy was improved. As compared with the traditional method by color stratification, this method improves detection accuracy and detection efficiency of the system. It achieves the detecting probability of 95.1% for micro defects and the detecting time of 1.09 s for a 25 cm×22 cm PCB. The detection efficiency of automated optical inspection system can satisfy the requirement of the PCB for defect inspection in online and real time.

For a blurred image caused by fast movement, a fast blind deconvolution algorithm for spatially-invariant motion blurred images was proposed. Firstly, the ridge wave of a frequency spectral image with noises was enhanced. Then a robust algorithm based on Ridgelet transform and Radon transform was used to estimate blur kernels in the frequency domain, by which the lengths and directions of motion blur kernels could be accurately estimated, even for small length parameters and blur images in low SNRs .Furthermore, a fast non-blind deconvolution method based on hyper-laplacian prior was used to restore blur images. Experimental results show that the proposed method can restore a 1 megapixel image in less 40 s. As compared with R. Fergus′ algorithm based on machine learning, the proposed algorithm reduces the computing time from 30 min to 40 s while keeps the comparable quality. Moreover, the algorithm is effective not only for the artificially blurred images, but also for the naturally blurred images (by camera movement) as well.

To improve the sub-pixel registration accuracy of quadratic surface fitting method in digital image correlation, the method was corrected and the corrected quadratic surface fitting method was used to research the effect of sizes and contents of WC on the thermal expansion coefficients of WC/Cu composites. First, the measurement error sources of the quadratic surface fitting method were analyzed in a practical application. Then, WC/Cu composites were prepared by a powder metallurgy method, and thermal expansion tests of the specimen with speckles which can resistant to high temperatures were performed and thermal deformation fields of the WC/Cu Composites under different temperatures were measured by the corrected quadratic surface fitting method. Finally, the truth values of the thermal expansion coefficients were given by quadratic polynomials fitting. The experiment result indicates that corrected method effectively improves sub-pixel registration accuracy, especially reduces the displacement fluctuation around 0.5 pixels, and offers more accurate measurement results.

The satellite remote Sea Surface Height(SSH) images from 1992 to 2008 were analyzed, and the difficulty of detecting mesoscale eddies automatically was summarized. To improve the detection probability, a extracting mesoscale eddy method from the SSH images was proposed for the China seas and their adjacent seas. Combined with the characteristics of satellite remote SSH images, the background statistical characteristics were estimated by Gauss fitting method. According to the Gauss fitting results, the sea clutter background area was eliminated, thus the sea height abnormal area and a few of remainder sea clutter background area were derived. Then, according to the imaging characteristics of mesoscale eddies, a sets of detect algorithms for mesoscale eddies were designed combined with the criteria of intension and scale to distill mesoscale eddies in China seas and their adjacent seas adaptively. Finally, The detected mesoscale eddies were compared to those commented in literatures, and results prove that the algorithms have high detecting quality. The proposed method provides basis for analyzing space-time characteristics for mesoscale eddies in China seas and their adjacent seas across-the-board.

The image denoising methods based on Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) were explored. In order to alleviate the staircase effect in second-order PDE (P-M model) and improve the ability of edge and texture preserving of fourth-order PDE (Y-K model), the Gradient Vector Convolution (GVC) field was introduce into the fourth-order PDE, and a four-order anisotropism diffusion model was established. Firstly, the parts of diffusion in the direction of gradient was subtracted. Then, the GVC field was introduced to replace the calculation of second derivative. Because of the robustness of GVC and its outstanding ability of detecting edge, an effective anisotropic diffusion model was obtained. Experimental results indicate that the GVC based fourth-order model can protect the details over the original model like edge and texture features better and can improve the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR).The PSNRs in experiments have been improved more than 1 dB as compared with that original Y-K model.

To detect bruised samples from intact kiwifruits and to reduce the loss caused by decay fruits and cross-infection, the near infrared diffused reflectance spectroscopy and an Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) were coupled to establish a model to discriminate collided, pressed and intact kiwifruits during 10-day storage at 2 ℃. The effect of the discriminant models using the feature variables based on Uninformative Variable Elimination (UVE) and the characteristic wavelength by Successive Projection Algorithm (SPA) combined with UVE on simplifying model and improving prediction performance was compared. The results show that the collided samples can be distinguished easier than pressed ones from intact kiwifruits. Bruised kiwifruits can be recognized easier with the expansion of storage period. UVE-SPA-ELM model has optimal discriminant performance with a discriminant rate of 92.4% for total prediction set samples. This detection technique has a high measurement precision and applicability, and can be used to identify bruised kiwifruits nondestructively and rapidly.

As existing edge extracting method has its drawbacks in complex industrial environments, a laser edge image inpainting method based on pixel adjacency analysis is presented. The first step of the method is to obtain a label image by distance conversion and connected component mark for an edge image. In the label image, the background pixels whose minimum edge distances are less than a certain value are marked as edge candidate points while the rest background pixels are marked as independent connected regions. The second step is to re-label the edge candidate points based on the adjacency of real edge to connect the broken edges. And the final step is to categorize the noises as per adjacency and remove them respectively to inpaint the laser edge image. The experimental results indicate that this method can effectively inpaint a 8-pixel edge gap and remove larger noises; the introduced root-mean-square(RMS）error of centering measurement is 0.05 pixel, while the peak value(PV） error is 0.086 pixel, which show a steadily low value. Moreover, it takes less than 130 ms for an image to be inpainted one time in real-time. This method is applicable to industrial online centering measurement.