In order to meet the requirements of spacecrafts for autonomous navigation systems with light small,cheap and reliable performance,a wide-angle static infrared horizontal system was designed.The system chose the operating wavelength range of 14 to 16.25 μm to keep a stable radiation,and its full field of view was set as 136° and F number as 0.61.By using a retrofocus structure in image space,the back working distance has been 15 mm in the optical system.On the basis of the design principle of a f-θ lens, the aspheric surface was used to rationally optimize the wide-angle system,then the related error of linear characteristics of the f-θ len is less than 0.5%,and the modulated transfer function is higher than 0.6 at 15 lp/mm in the image plane(approaches diffraction limit).In a circle with radius of 20 μm,the radial energy is higher than 85%.Furthermore,a telecentric optical path was used in the system,which improves the relative illumination to more than 99%.These results show that the designed lens has the advantages of simplicity,compactness and long back working distance,and can balance the correctness of off-axis aberrations.

A novel algorithm is proposed and designed to route and process the optical signals of a crossover network.Firstly, based on the link rule and function principle of the crossover network, the corresponding processing matrixes are achieved to denote and illustrate the relative signal operating and control and to establish the relation between input and output signals.According to the performing matrixes and the orders of input/output signal arrays, the node controlling and signal routing are determined.Finally, the signals are routed and controlled.It is shown that the proposed algorithm can not only be used in the routing control for a 8×8 crossover optical interconnection network,but also can be used in those for 16×16,32×32 and 64×64 networks.Furthermore,it also has excellent transplant ability and compatibility for perfect shaffle networks and Banyan networks.These results indicate that the routing algorithm is useful for optical switching applications, optical computing, and optical information processing in the future.

The impacts of different facet coating methods on the laser output powers of high-power 808 nm quantum-well ridge-waveguide Al-containing laser diodes cleaved in the air are researched and then the Catastrophical Optical Mirror Damage(COMD) mechanisms of semiconductor laser diodes and the selecting characteristics of a passivation layer are discussed.Three devices that are at uncoated,coated only by reflective films and coated by passivation layers and reflective films on their facets are compared.Obtained results show that the output power of the device with the passivation layers is 36% higher than that of the one only coated with reflective films.Moreover, the semiconductor laser diode coated by reflective film is failured at a current at 5 A, while the device coated by the passivation layers has not failure at the current 6 A.It points out that the passivation layer can effectively prevent Catastrophic Optical Damage (COD) and COMD.The coating passivation film method on the facets of semiconductor laser diodes is effective to the increase of output powers of high powers semiconductor laser diodes.

A novel nondestructive measuring method for the refractive index of a transparency capillary is introduced in this paper.When a collimated light passes through a capillary filled in a standard liquid with known refractive index, the focal position is dependent mainly on the wall-material of the capillary.On the basis of the above, the position and focal length of a capillary are imaged by a lens onto a CCD chip accurately, when the capillary is filled in two different liquids with known refractive indexes, respectively.Then, the refractive index of the wall- material is obtained by measuring and calculating two positions and focal lengths separately.The measurement accuracy of refractive index is better than 0.005.The effects of measuring parameters, including inner and outer diameters of the capillary, the refractive index of satandard liquid, as well as the image depth and sensitivity of refractive index on the measuring precision are analyzed.It is shown that the thicker capillary wall is,the higher the measuring precision is,and the lower the refractive index of standand liquid is,the higher the calibrating accuracy is.The introduced method is characterized by simple equipment, easy to operation, convenient to observe and its measurement precision of refractive index can meet the requirements of general scientific research and experiments.

The Ultraviolet Ozone Vertical Profile Probe (UOVPP) on FY-3A meteorological satellite developed by our country is introduced for measuring the extraterrestrial solar ultraviolet spectra, and the spectral irradiance data are obtained by the probe successfully.The UOVPP is a compact UV-VUV spectral radiometer worked at 160~400 nm.The composition and principle of the probe are reviewed and three kinds of working modes, namely, atmospheric mode, solar mode, and standard lamp mode, are described.Furthermore, the spectral irradiance calibration of the probe under the solar mode is introduced, which is carried out at 160~300 nm and 250~400 nm respectively owing to the limitation of source characteristics.Finally, the solar ultraviolet spectrum captured by the UOVPP and processed data are given.It is shown that the solar continuous spectrum at 160-400 nm and solar discrete spectrum of 12 characteristic wavelengths at 250-340 nm measured from UOVPP on orbit are in good agreement with those from SBUV/2, and their measurement uncertainty is within ±5%.

In order to improve the filtering characteristics of Frequency Selective Surfaces(FSSs) and to realize their applications to bandpass radomes, a thick-screen FSS with circle slot elements filled with dielectric materials was designed and a corresponding experimental FSS sample was produced.In theoretical analysis for the thick-screen FSS, an equivalent problem was established,then the Floquet’ s theorem was employed to expand the field from the infinite array elements into an infinite number of plane wave.Furthermore,the boundary condition was enforced at aperture boundarys,and the method of mements was used to solve the equivalent magnetic-field integral equation.A test was carried out in a microwave darkroom，and measured results show that it is in good agreement with calculated ones.The results show that the center frequency mainly depents on interelement spacings, incidence angles and dielectric permittivities.When three parameters increase from 30 mm to 36 mm, 10° mm to 30° mm, 2.5 mm to 7.0 mm respectively,the center frequency can be reduced by 2.1, 1.5 and 1.9 GHz correspondingly.Moreover, the bandwidth is related to the shape of the element.When the diameter of element changes from 14 mm to 17 mm,it increases 1.2 GHz.It is concluded that improving transmission characteristics of thick-screen FSS is a task on optimizing various parameters.It can obtain optimal transmission properties by choosing filling dielectrics and other parameters appropriately.

A novel approach based on the equivalent sine testing is proposed to evaluate the tracking performance of a photoelectric theodolite by using a dynamic target.The characteristics of the amplitude and power spectra of the dynamic target and the relative tracking errors are analyzed,and the dynamic target is taken as a harmonic source formed by the finite weighted sums of the base frequency harmonics and the weight sums of high harmonics that is the integral times of base frequency.The angular frequency and amplitude of an equivalent sine signal are designed according to the testing desire, and the amplitude-frequency characteristic function value of tracking error system is tested by using the harmonic signal in the same angular frequency with the equivalent sine signal generated by the dynamic target.The amplitude of equivalent sine and the function value are multiplied to get the maximum tracking error of tracking signal, and then the tracking performance is evaluated by using the proposed method.The tracking performance of a photoelectric theodolite is evaluated by this method.Compared with the maximum tracking error of 4.7′ measured by the dynamic target directly, the proposed method can offer the maximum azimuth tracking error of 0.65′, which is far less than the desired maximum tracking error of 4′.The result shows that the method can evaluate the tracking performance of the theodolite exactly and can avoid the possible excessive correction of tracking servo system by using dynamic target directly.

In order to eliminate the two-domain texture defects of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal (FLC)samples(chiral nematic-chiral smectic C(N*-SmC*)) in their phase sequences to be cooled down from the N* phase to the SmC* phase， five kinds of FLC devices were prepared by using a FLC R-2301 and two kinds of liquid crystal alignment films SE-410 and RN-1199.After experiments and tests, it is concluded that the uniform mono-domain alignment of ferroelectric liquid crystals can be obtained by asymmetric boundary anchoring.Furthermore,the alignment textures of five devices were tested by a polarizing optical microscope with the crossed polarizers,and experimental results show that the FLC devices can offer half-V-shaped electric-optical characters and a static contrast ratio in 300∶1 after asymmetric boundary anchoring.The conclusion is in good agreement with the theoretical approximation and can provide a simple and novel method for fabricating ferroelectric liquid crystal devices.

The wavelength resolution power of a elliptically curved crystal spectrometer is discussed.After the spectral line profile caused by itself is supposed to be neglected,two main factors effecting on the wavelength resolution power of the spectrometer are analyzed.The first one is mainly that the source center is not on the focus of the ellipsoid and the source size can not be ignored.The other one is that the X-ray is reflected from irregular crystal surface, and it is not an ideal ellipsoid.In order to improve the wavelength measuring precision of the spectrometer, two simulating models are established according to the above mentioned factors.Then the two models are analyzed and the relation between the wavelength resolution power and the exit aperture slit width is presented by digital calculation.Meanwhile, a number of experimental investigations on the wavelength-resolved characteristics of the diagnostic system are conducted under a variety of slit width conditions.The wavelength resolution power affected by the un-ideal crystal surface and the source size is quantitatively analyzed with the spectrometer successfully.The experiments show that obtained results are in agreement with the calculation data.When the exit aperture slit width(2δ) is 10 mm,the full width at half maximum(Δλ) is 3.1×10-3 nm;the 2δ is 4 mm,and the Δλ is 2.3×10-4 nm.These results prove the validity of simulated results.

In order to realize the real-time control and detection of three-dimensional micro electrochemical milling process, a data acquistion and control system is established based on virtual instrument software Labwindows/CVI.The three-dimensional tool path generation and control strategy, data acquisition and anti-jamming algorithm and the machining time error compensation algorithm for the system are investigated.Firstly, the requirements of the control and detection system are analyzed according to the characteristics of micro electrochemical milling process and a high-precision experimental system for 3D micro electrochemical milling is buit up.Then, the feed control module for three-dimensional tool path is established based on a virtual instrument platform, and the optimization of tool path is discussed.Finally, the data acquisition and its feedback control module and the machining time error compensation function are introduced.On the basis of the system above, a three-step staircase structure with one stair of 15 μm × 55 μm × 15 μm is fabricated successfully.It shows that the system can meet the requirements of micro electrochemical milling for high machining precision, fast response, accuracy control and reliable and stable abilities.

A star simulator using digital adjustable light sources and a collimating optical system is presented to realize a laboratory test of celestial navigation equipment in this paper,and the technical requirements of the background light simulation are proposed as well.Based on the technical requirements of celestial navigation equipment, the overall construction of the star simulator is presented.Then, the key techniques of digital adjustable light sources, achromatic collimating optical system and adjusting for the sizes and positions of the stars are introduced, and the effect of the uniformity of background light on the star simulation is analyzed.Finally, the star simulator is fabricated and the corresponding experiments are carried out for validating its properties.Experimental results indicate that the simulator can simulate the star magnitudes of 0-5 effectively,and can offer the uniformity of background light of 94.7% and collimation better than ±2″ in the system focus of 1 647 mm and the field of view of 28′.Furthermore,the designed simulator can simulate the changes of star lights and background lights at the same time.It is concluded that the designed star simulator can satisfy the test requirements of celestial navigation in a laboratory.

In order to improve the temperature measurement accuracy of space cameras,the tolerance analysis is applied to temperature measurement circuits.The principle of a temperature measurement circuit is studied and a variety of influencing factors of temperature measurement accuracy are discussed.Several kinds of tolerance analysis methods are described, and their respective advantages and disadvantages are compared.Then the worst-case analysis method is chosen to analyze the tolerance of the temperature measurement circuit.Finally, a novel method for improving temperature measurement accuracy is proposed according to the analysis results.After validating proposed method,it is shown that the measurement accuracy of the improved temperature measurement circuit is ±0.3℃, 30 times higher than that of the original method,which can meet the requirements of temperature measurement in -14 ℃-+50 ℃.

A laser cutting process for the fracture splitting notch of a connecting rod was researched in this paper.According to the material behaviors, energy balance and the changes of hole shapes, the process was divided into three stages, initial state, quasi-steady destruction and tail stage.The affects of pulse width, waveform, pulse frequency and cutting speed on the notch root radius were analyzed, and a new pulse waveform was designed to satisfy the request of notch root sharpness.Analysis and experimental results show that a long pulse width combined with a reasonable cutting speed is the key to obtain a sharp fracture splitting notch.When the pulse width is set to be 1 ms, cutting speed to be 10 mm/s, the sharp fracture splitting notch can be obtained.Furthermore, for a deeper and sharper notch, it can be transformed into many long pulse processing by increasing the frequency.When the frequency is increased to 40 Hz, pulse width to 0.5 ms, the fracture splitting notch with a larger aspect ratio and a sharp root can be obtained.By comparison of the morphologies for the fracture splitting notch,it indicates that proposed process can achieve the sharp fracture splitting notch with higher quality by injecting energy reasonably into each stage in laser processing.

To analyze the influence of the deformation of a vehicular platform on the angle measurement precision of a theodolite, a new method was presented to measure the deformation of the vehicle platform by using a inclinometer.Based on the principle of platform deformation dependent on measuring results, the inclinometer was put on the center of the vertical axis to get deformation angles of the center of working platform, then to calculate the measuring coordinate deflection and figure out the expressions on the output data of the inclinometer and angle measurement errors.A double-axis inclinometer was chosen to measure the deformation of the vehicle platform in real time.Experimental data show that the deformation sufferring from an azimuth axis velocity is small and the reading results after processing by a sliding weighted mean digital filter are 0 and 5.1″ for the smallest discrepancy and the biggest one,respectively.However,the boresight location has larger influence on the deformation,and the smaller elevation angles are,the larger the reading results of inclinometer are.This test provides the theoretics for improving angle measurement precision of vehicular platforms of theodolites.

To reduce the costs of an impact point measurement, a measuring method for impact points of projectiles was proposed.A Z-shaped light screen target containing three light screens was made up of a column laser source, a optical detector and two pieces of mirrors to measure the impact points and the velocities of projectiles.The velocity and the impact point position in the horizontal direction were obtained by a time measurement and the impact point position in vertical direction was obtained by an optical detector.The principle was analyzed and the light source, optical detector, the feature of impact signal, available detector area, and the firing rate were discussed.A principle experiment with a steel ball was carried out on a smooth plane table using a laser pen, two pieces of mirrors and a photodiode circuit.The experiments show that the absolute errors of position measurement by the proposed method are 0.1 to 1 mm as compared with that by a high speed camera.Furthermore,the relative errors of velocity measurement are between 0.02% to 0.2% as compared with that of a traditional method.The experimental results indicate that the method is feasible and easy to realize in a low cost.

The characteristics of macro and micro computer visions were analyzed,obtained results demonstrate that micro-vision blurred effects are caused by both geometrical and wave optics.A calibration experiment was carried out,which verifies the assumption of the linear relationship between spread parameter and step number.On the basis of above research,the existing autofocus technology based Depth from Focus(DFF) was introduced and a fast autofocus algorithm based Depth from Defocus(DFD) was presented in micro computer vision.The algorithm can calculate the focusing position of a target directly by giving two frames of blurred images.Experimental results indicate that the focusing speed obtained by proposed algorithm is 2-4 times faster than that gotten by traditional method(Sum Modified Laplacisn Method,SLM).It is shown that the proposed method has better focusing performance and robustness and can be used in the autofocus for micro computer vision systems.

In order to guarantee the normal work and mapping accuracy of mapping cameras, a thermal control system for the mapping cameras was designed and tested by the thermal balance tests.Firstly,the thermal environment of a mapping camera was analyzed,and the external thermal flux of the pupilin the mapping camera was calculated.Then, the thermal design of the mapping camera was carried out.A passive thermal control system was used to control the temperature of the camera to reduce the sensitivity of mapping camera to the external thermal environment.An active thermal control system was taken to carry out the temperature compensation to reduce the axial and radial temperatures of the mapping camera.Finally,three extreme test conditions were designed and thermal balance tests were undertaken according to various job models and different thermal environments.The test results show that when the thermal design system is working,the temperature fluctuations of the mapping camera are at (18±2) ℃,the axial and radial temperature differences are less than 4 ℃ and 0.5 ℃, respectively,and the temperature of the mapping base is (18±3) ℃.It is shown that all the temperature indicators in the mapping camera are able to meet the system requirements.

In order to correct the static pointing of the level theodolite which is used to track high orbit targets without blind areas,this paper analyses and researches usual pointing correction models.Three kinds of pointing correction models,spherical harmonic function,Strom lo and horizontal models,are introduced and the last one is modified.Then, MATLAB regression analysis is used to analyze these static pointing models with measured star data and the inner conformity and the outer conformity methods are used to contrast the precisions of three kind static pointing models.Finally,a modified pointing model suitable for an actual level mounting theodolite is obtained.The modified pointing model is used to correct an actual pointing of the level mounting theodolite.Experimental results indicate that the correction precision of the L-axis is 0.445 3″,and that of the B-axis is 0.395 4″.Furthermore,the contrast analysis demonstrates that the pointing accuracies corrected by Strom lo and level models are much better than that by the spherical function mode and the pointing accuracy from the Strom lo mode is a little better than that of the level model.Obtained results show that the spherical function mode is not suitable to correct the static pointing of the level mounting theodolite.

A method to improve the accuracy of star locations in star images is presented based on image processing.The reasons for generating noises in star locations are researched, and a frequency spectrum of a star location before denoising is analyzed.Based on the analyzed results, a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter is designed and realized based on the Parks-McClellan algorithm.Finally, the spectra of the star locations obtained from the star images are analyzed with the FIR filter,and the results show that the FIR filter could eliminate the noises of star locations well.The algorithm is successfully demonstrated by real space experiment data captured by a star sensor in a satellite.The experimental results show that the accuracy of attitude has improved to 7.823″ from 21.921″.

The laser induced glass bulk damage morphology has been analyzed quantitatively,and the size and classification of the damage are obtained by using the image processing technology based on the improved watershed segmentation algorithm.The physical meaning and application of each processed image are analyzed in detail based on the interaction mechanism between the laser-induced plasma shock waves and the glass.The results show that the gradient picture can reflect the shape and distribution of a crack, the shade of the image gray aftering filter can reflect the degree of the damage, the marker picture of object region can reflect the region of the damage,and the final segmentation result owns all the characteristics above and can fully reflect all information mentioned above.Furthermore,each area is analyzed of the light of the final segmentation images.The analysis results show that the ratios of the filamentary of plasma channel, the fusion range and the region of varying refractive index to the entire analyzed area are about 15％，55％ and 30％, respectively.The result implies that laser energy is deposited into the small range of filamentary of plasma channel firstly; Following that, the plasma expands outward because of the high temperature and extreme pressure to form a large fusion range; With the increase of the distance from the centerline， the pressure of the laser plasma shock wave will reduce rapidly and the region of varying refractive index is formed.

An imaging system in a start camera with higher detection ability and faster data updata frequency was designed based on a Electron Multiplying CCD (EMCCD).To meet the performance requirements of the space navigation for star cameras,EMCCD technologies were discussed in theoretical and engineering aspects.Then,the working principle of EMCCD and its SNR were analyzed.Based on TC285 EM CCD, a design scheme for the star camera was described and the CCD driving circuit,TV signal procesing circuit and a timing controller in the camera were given.Furthermore,the camera performance was verified by simulation and experimental methods and its applications were analyzed primarily.By analyzing the experimental images, it is concluded that the camera can detect the Mv6 stars in the integration time of 8 ms,and its image data updata frequency can reach 10 frame/s.These results meet the rapid imaging requirements in short integration time.

In order to solve the problems that Multi-scale Autoconvolution(MSA) algorithm is sensitive to an illumination change and has a large computation load, a fast scene matching algorithm combining the MSA with a direction code is presented.Firstly, the direction code images of an image to be matched and a template are computed respectively to eliminate the influence of illumination.Then the code images are blocked and the MSA value of each sub-block is calculated.So, only one row or one column of MSA value matrix needs to be updated at every searching position.In this way, the computation load has been decreased greatly,and it is less than 1/8 of that of the original MSA algorithm.Experiments are carried out with a cameramen image and real scenes.The results show that the proposed method is robust to affine transform, light projective transform, noise, occlusion and illumination change, meanwhile it has a faster searching speed and can accurately recognize and locate objects in real scenes.

A new anti-occlusion tracking algorithm is presented to solve the problem that traditional Mean Shift based tracking algorithm often deviates or loses the targets under occlusions.Firstly, the target in the tracking window is divided into a number of fragments,then the Mean Shift algorithm is used to move the peripheral fragments separately and to detect the occlusions.Furthermore, all fragments can be computed when the target is occulated.Finally, the confidence of each fragment is computed and only the fragment with the highest confidence is involved to achieve the whole target’s coordinates and to avoid the influence of occluded fragments on the target location.Tested results for different video sequences indicate that proposed algorithm can track precisely the target occluded.When the occlusion size is 70 pixel×100 pixel, the running time is 38.6 ms/frame,which meets the requirements of target tracking system for the stability and real time.

The reasons for the nonuniformity in CCD imaging were researched, and the feasible schemes to correct the nonuniformity of an image from a satellite were discussed by using a flat field correction method.Then, based on FPGA-based processor, a real-time correction approach was presented to control all of the operations of TDICCD to implement the hardware correction of the nonuniformity.Furthermore, the Nonuniformity Equivalent Digital Number (NUEDN) was calculated by using FPGA to extract the first 32 rows of a raw image in the uniform exposure, and the real time correction for digital images was carried out when the NUEDN was set to be more than 2.The experimental results in the uniform exposure indicate that the NUEDN falls to 0.29.Dynamic push-scanning imaging test was also performed with a standard resolution chart attached on a roller, and the results have proved the validity of the approach in practical projects.

An automatic and intelligent computer aided bleeding detection technique is presented to recognize the bleeding regions and other pathological features in large amounts of images generated from a Wireless Capsule Endoscope(WCE).Color features of the bleeding region in WCE images is extracted, and then the Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) is improved by using differential evolution (DE) algorithm to offer the different smoothing parameters for each transfer function of neurons.Based on the improved PNN, the intelligent recognizing method is proposed and implemented through programming.The experimental results show that the bleeding regions in WCE images can be recognized correctly and marked clearly, and the sensitivity and the specificity of the method are measured as 94% and 87%, respectively.The intelligent bleeding detection method reduces the time-consuming for the WCE video detection and can help the clinician examine the gastrointestinal disease.

In order to improve the precision of time synchronization between the appropriative apparatuses of integrated testing system of a space camera, a means was designed.Based on the GPS satellite synchronous clock,it combined the serial time message and the second-pulse to adjust the time of appropriative apparatuses.The serial time message taken, second-pulse capture, internal punctual clock and the PCI local control logic modules were designed with the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL).Using the WDM based on Windows 2000/XP,the PCI driver was explored to communicate the time message in FPGA to the appropriative apparatus synchronously.A microsecond-delayed second-pulse was designed to serve as a substitute to prevent the time discontinuity caused by the power broken of GPS satellite synchronous clock when it was working.The test and experiment show that both the precision and accuracy of time synchronization have reached the microsecond range,which totally satisfies the requirement of the integrated testing system of space camera for adjusting time in real time.

In order to break through the limitations of imaging devices and to resolve the problems of Super-Resolution Reconstruction (SRR) of a satellite image, an image reconstruction based on the Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) is proposed.First, learning sample images are acquired according to a satellite image observation model and the vector mapping is established to speed up the convergence of RBFNN.Then,the nearest neighbor clustering algorithm is used to dynamically establish the centers and widths of RBF, and decide adaptively the number of hidden layers and connection weights of a net, which are very important parameters for RBFNN.The method can improve the performance of SRR of satellite image and speed up the convergence of RBFNN to 221 s.Experimental results of simulation and generalization indicate that the well-trained RBFNN can realize the SRR of satellite images in higher spatial resolutions, higher efficiencies and lower errors.