The structure and working principle of a freeform LED concentrator were researched and a compact LED concentrator with refractive and reflective freeform surfaces for the micro-projector was designed to improve the concentration efficiency and to compress the volume. Based on non-imaging optics and the method of simultaneous multi-surfaces, the curves of freeform surfaces in the meridian planes were calculated, then the 3D structure of the concentrator was obtained by rotating the curves along Z axis. The simulation result confirms that the concentrator can collect the energy from high power LED sources effectively with a collection efficiency of 71% and can control the divergence angle within 12°.compared with conventional reflective ones, this new concentrator increases the collection efficiency by 20% and compresses the volume by 70%. The design can provide a reference for the microminiaturization of LED micro-projectors.

The key technologies for cross-dispersed echelle spectrography,spectral reducing in real time and wavelength calibration, were researched.Based on the main dispersion, cross-dispersion and the relationship between them, the matrixes M1, M2 and M3 were established, and then the cross-dispersed echelle spectral matrixe Mλ-XY with the space coordinate on area CCD and the corresponding wavelength were given. By the characteristics of central wavelength and the free spectral range, the ideal data model without wavelength overlapping were obtained. A method to recognize the signal spots was proposed to locate the signal spot coordinate precisely. Using the data model without wavelength overlapping and the signal spot recognition, the two-dimensional overlapping echelle spectra were reduced and the wavelength was calibrated efficiently. By the result, this method is not only strong real-time in the echelle spectral analysis, but the wavelength accuracy is up to 0.01 nm. It can satisfy the requirements of echelle spectrograph for high resolutions, high precisions and rapid reading full spectra.

It is necessary to design an appropriate system bandwidth for an adaptive optical system to correct the atmospheric turbalence. Because the theoretical estimation for the turbulence is more different from the real atmospheric tarbulence,this paper researched the method to measure the bandwidth accurately.Through measurement of the wavefront passed through 500 m of horizontal turbulence, the phase power spectral density of turbulence wavefront was analyzed, from which the circadian variation of the bandwidth requirement was obtained for first time. It shows that the bandwidth requirement is nearly steady around 10 to 15 Hz in night time, and strongly fluctuated around 20 to 90 Hz in day time. Furthermore, it points out that the total sampling time for the estimated bandwidth must be greater than 70 s in order to acquire a more precise result. There experimental results can provide useful data for designing and can fabricate an more reasonable adaptive optical system.

To achieve the accurate temperature measurement in fields by infrared thermal imagers, the second calibration of atmospheric transmission was researched. A calibrating model for temperature measurement by infrared thermal imagers in a far distance was established, and an infrared thermal imager and a standard expanded area blackbody were used to do the second calibration of atmospheric transmission. Firstly, the setting temperature of the standard blackbody was used to calibrate the secondary calibration coefficient of atmospheric transmission. Then, assuming the emissivity of interested area of a object to be known, the secondary calibration coefficient was used to calibrate the measuring values of a unknown radiation object and to implement the accurate measurement of radiation temperature of the radiation object. Experiments show that as the setting temperature for the blackbody increases from 50 ℃ (the second atmospheric transmission is approximately equal to 1), the second calibration coefficient of the atmospheric transmission decreases rapidly in the temperature of 50~100 ℃, and decreases more and more slowly in the range of 100~200 ℃. Gradually, it is close to a constant value 0.7. These results can provide references for the accurate temperature measurement by infrared thermal imagers in fields.

To improve the utilization efficiency of bandwidth in an interleaver system and satisfy the requirements of different transmission speeds for different passbands, a novel design scheme of 50 GHz unequal passband interleaving filter with an all-fiber MZI was put forward. Based on the principle of fiber transmissivity method, the MZI all-fiber optical different output spectra using three single-mode fiber couplers connected with single-mode fibers were analysed,and the complex amplitudes of output spectra were established with the expressions described by the coupling coefficients and length differences.Experiments indicate when the length differences of interference arms show the same value and the appropriate coupling coefficients of the couplers are chosen, the device can split an input beamwith channel space of 50 GHz into two beams,and one is odd channel for 10 Gb/s and the other is even channel for 40 Gb/s.Furthrmore,the space between the two channels is 0.8 nm and channel isolation is more than 25 dB.Finally,it points out that the interleaver is not sensitive to the coupling coefficients from three kinds of couplers and the coupling ratios of couplers can be controlled accurately.Obtained experimental results are in good agreement with the analytical ones.

In order to realize the alignment of a large aperture telescopic system and to improve the image quality, the alignment aberration and computer-aided alignment technique are investigated. Firstly, the perturbation error of a RC telescope due to the displacement and tilt of a secondary mirror is analyzed in an alignment process. Based on the feature that the coma-free point and the center of curvature are chosen as the rotating centers during the adjusting process，the effect of choosing two different points on the optical aberration and pointing errors is emphatically analyzed. Then, according to wavefront aberration theory combining with optical software Code V，the special sensitivity matrixes of constant coma and linear astigmatism of telescope system are studied based on the computer aided alignment principle, and the alignment technique is realized by programming and emulating. Finally, combining the project applications, 1 m telescope system is adjusted and aligned. Experimental results indicate that the RMS of system after alignment reaches 0.144 5λ,which is greatly superior to 1.214λ before alignment. The results prove that the method has good accuracy, anti-interference ability and practical application values.

The basic characteristics of incident spots and effects of external space environments on a four-quadrant detector were researched when it was used to detect the spot center. The formulae of the output and sensitivity of the detector were proposed when the incident spots showed an elliptical Gaussian-distribution. An experimental system was set up to test and verify the characteristics of the quadrant detector in an indoor test and a field test. Experimental results demonstrate that the detector has higher detection accuracy and subdivision in the indoor test, and can offer a 36-subdivision with digital filtering at a limited sensitivity. By the voltage characteristic curves, the background lights, spot sizes and the ratio of signal to noise were studied. The experiments in the field were also completed between the two spots of 830 m and 12.5 km. It is pointed out that the influence of irradiance scintillation on the detector is rigider than that of the indoor test. When the refractive index structure parameter is 10－16, the subdivision is only 7 in a distance of 830 m, furthermore, it can not detect spots in 12.5 km for the subdivision is invalid.

To reduce the power consumption, volume and the weight of a fiber optic gyroscope, the structure of a time division multiplexing fiber-optic gyroscopic system worked at 850 nm was presented based on a 3×3 coupler. The data processing method of gyroscopic output was analyzed, and the relative bias stability of the time division multiplexing system was obtained. A switching model of the time division multiplexing fiber-optic gyroscope was established, which pointed out that there is a transient process in axis switching. The effects of the transient process on the static and dynamic characteristics of the gyroscopic system were analyzed, which shows that the relative bias stability is about 2.1 times that of the traditional method, the maximum bandwidth is about 1.1 kHz and both the nonlinearity and uniformity of the real scale factor are less than 50×10-6. Finally, the results were tested and verified by simulations and experiments, and results indicate that the time division multiplexing can satisfy the requirements of applications to micro-miniature fiber-optic gyroscopes.

To investigate the dynamic characteristics of micro-structure in a Micro-electro-mechanical System(MEMS) at a low temperature environment, a theoretical model was established and the effect of environmental temperatures on the resonant frequency of a micro-cantilever was researched. Then,a dynamic testing system for MEMS at low temperature was developed. In testing,a thermoelectric cooling refrigerator was utilized to generate the low temperature environment and the piezoelectric ceramic was used as the driving source to establish the base excitation device. Through the base impact excitation, the resonance frequencies were obtained by analyzing the impulse response signals and the frequency response of micro-cantilever was tested by using a laser Doppler vibrometer. The dynamic testing experiments for the silicon micro-cantilever were carried out from -50 ℃ to room temperature. Obtained results show that the resonance frequency slightly increases with the decreasing temperature, and it is consistent with that of the theoretical analysis. The temperature dependency of frequency is about -0.263 Hz/K,which is a little smaller than that of the theoretical results. The measurement device is very effective to carry out dynamic testing of microstructures from -50 ℃ to room temperature.

In order to improve the electromagnetic shielding performance of a high transparency metallic mesh and to enhance its environment resistance, some experiments of electroless Ni plating on a thin copper mesh with a 9 μm line width, 0.3 μm thickness and 400 μm×400μm period were carried out. Firstly, a sample of thin copper mesh on a K9 substrate was fabricated by the processes of coating photoresist, laser direct writing, developing, vacuum coating and removing photoresist. Then, the sample was cleaned by the supersonic wave, and was immersed about 10 s to 15 s by a 10% hydrochloric acid solution to activate the copper. After that, the sample was immersed again by an electroless nickel plating solution prepared according to a standard, and was maintained about 40 min to 60 min on a constant temperature condition of 85 ℃. Finally, the sample was taken out from the solution, and was baked by a cabinet drier. Experimental results indicate that the coating is homogeneous and strong joined,and the average electromagnetic shield effectiveness of the mesh is approximately 32 dBm when it is tested by a coaxial test method, which has increased by 11 dBm as compared with that test value before nickel-plating.Furthermore, the optical transmission of the mesh reduces less than 1％from 400 nm to 800 nm after nickel-plating. It is concluded that the nickel can be plated for a thin copper mesh, and can increase fairly the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the mesh without effect on the optical transmission.

In order to satisfy the needs of compliances and strengths of transmission parts in a variety of precision instruments,the flexure hinges with space curve notches that are intersecting lines of quadric surfaces and cylinders were studied in detail. Firstly, a general design equation for calculating the rotation compliance of this kind of hinge was deduced, and the effects of the design parameters on the compliance characteristics were discussed. Based on the analyses, a design method of this kind of hinge was proposed, and a design example was used to illustrate the usage of the method. The compliance and the strength of the example were verified by finite element analysis and experiments.Results show that the obtained compliances from the three methods are in a good agreement, and the maximum error is less than 5%, which indicates that the design method is effective and can be used for engineering design of this kind of hinge. In addition, the finite element model method illustrated in this paper and the proposed model testing method can be used to determine the mechanical properties of this kind of hinge.

In the secondary mirror mounting procedure of a space-borne remote sensor, the method of clearance fixation with auxiliary adhesive is used to fix the mirror usually, which will cause the asymmetric aberration and influence on the imaging quality when the temperature is changed. Moreover, variation of the surface shape is irreversible due to the adhesive layer come from nonlinear materials. To improve the imaging quality and structure reliability, this paper proposed a zero clearance support method based on the lowest potential energy principle . Via the method of interference fixation with flexible blocks, the astigmatism aroused by non-symmetrical stress was avoided theoretically, and the irreversible problem was solved. The appropriate interference value (0.03 mm) was obtained by the finite element analysis. By using the interference value, both gravity and temperature variation(±4 ℃) were considered and the surface shape test was performed using an interferometer. Experiments show that the RMS value of the surface shape is 0.018λ, which meets the design requirements (RMS value≤0.02λ). obtained results demonstrate that the zero clearance support method for the circle mirrors can relieve the adverse effect of the surface shape caused by temperature variation.

To predict the behaviors of the whole Micro-electro-mechanical System(MEMS) including MEMS devices and circuits, a prototype system for co-simulating MEMS devices and circuits was established. Firstly，the common characteristics of MEMS system-level simulation and analog circuit simulation were studied,and the principle and the method of co-simulating MEMS devices and circuits were presented. Based on the circuit simulation platform Zeni VLG, the frame of the prototype system was established. Then, two parametric model libraries which were essential for the prototype system were also established, respectively, according to the modified nodal analysis method and analog circuit behavioral modeling method. A seesaw accelerometer with an open-loop circuit and a closed-loop circuit was used to verify the system and the models.By comparing to the commercial software SaberTM, obtained results indicate that the relative error is 2.1% in the open-loop simulation. The simulation results show that the prototype system could handle co-simulations of MEMS devices and circuits effectively, and has a high accuracy.

An adaptive control and compensation scheme is proposed in this paper to solve the problem on torque ripples caused by the velocity fluctuation in a DC torque motor. Firstly, a mechanism for torque ripple is found out acoording to the analysis of DC motor’s structure. Then, the mathematical model is established and a robust adaptive control strategy is designed. The control algorithm is contained by two parts: one is a a lead-lag feedback controller for verifying the stability and the robustness of the system nominally;and the other is an adaptive compensator, which is used to compensate the torque ripple adaptively through a recursive least square identification. The experimental results show that the peak-peak value and the RMS value of velocity fluctuation obtained by the proposed method been reduced to 1.77% and 0.39% respectively as compared with two indexes of 4.21% and 0.97% obtained only by the lead-lag feedback controller. The conclusion is that proposed adaptive compensation method can depress the velocity fluctuation caused by motor torque ripple efficiently.

In order to accurately obtain flaw depth parameters of a gun barrel, a new flaw depth measurement method based on the equivalent multi-baseline stereo imaging is proposed, and an automatic measurement system for the flaw depth is established in this paper. The Tsai two-step method is used to calibrate the camera,and the equivalent multi-baseline stereo imaging methods are taken to obtain the flaw image. On the basis of the above, this system extracts the image features and realizes the stereo matching processing according to the calibration data and location parameters. Then, it obtains the precise flow depth value and implements the accurate measurement of flaw depth parameters of the gun barrel. The test results show that the measuring absolute error of this flaw depth measuring system is less than 0.1 mm, and the relative error is less than 5%.These results can meet the need of the gun barrel for flaw depth measurment,and can provide an important technical support for the identification testing.

In order to improve the position deposition and morphology controlling of a single electrospun nanofiber in industrial applications,an electrospinning Direct-writing (DW) technology was studied further. Firstly, the DW technology based on the Near-Field Electrospinning (NFES) was utilized to investigate the deposition behavior of a single DW nanofiber on the flat silicon substrate. Then, the electrical field distribution above the patterned silicon substrate was simulated. Finally, patterned silicon substrate was used as a collector, and the effect of pattern structure and the motion speed of the collector on the position deposition of single DW nanofiber was analyzed.Experimental results demonstrate that the DW nanofiber with the diameter ranges from 100 nm to 800 nm can be deposited precisely on the top surface of a circle micro-pattern array with a diameter of 1.6 μm. When motion speed of the collector is lower than the electrospinning speed, the deposition location of DW nanofiber would deviate from the motion track and move from the pattern in 7 μm due to the electric field force. If the motion speed of the collector decreases further, more nanofiber would congregate around the micro pattern or on the top surface of pattern. The strip pattern plays an excellent guiding and restricting role on the deposition of single DW nanofiber. It is concluded that the DW technology based on NFES can provide a simple way for the precise position of single nanofibers on patterned silicon substrates.

The synchronous motion accuracy at both ends of focal plane of a focusing mechanism in a space camera was analyzed, for it was difficult to be eliminated and would affect on the focusing accuracy of the camera directly. The characteristics of the focusing mechanism of the camera with a long focal plane were researched, then it pointed out that the synchronous motion error at both ends of focal plane is the major factor that effects on the focusing accuracy of the camera. By analyzing main error sources of synchronous motion error, a mathematical model was established, and Monte Carlo Method was used to simulate the error model. Finally, the synchronous motion accuracy was tested to verify the validity of the simulation result. Simulation results indicate that synchronous motion accuracy is 0.02 mm,which is coincident with the test data well. It is concluded that the method can estimate accurately the synchronous motion accuracy, and can support the determination of focusing strategy on orbit.

In order to solve the problem of the three-dimensional deformation measurement in mechanics experiments, a new deformation measurement system based on stereo vision, photogrammetry and a digital image correlation method is proposed and implemented. The key technologies applied in the system are studied, including binocular camera calibration, image correlation algorithms, three-dimensional reconstruction and the calculations of three-dimensional displacement and strain. Firstly, a new camera calibration algorithm based on the photogrammetry is proposed, in which a 10 parameter lens distortion model is adopted to achive a reliable camera calibration result without any accurate calibration pattern. Then,the high precision image correlation is realized by using a least-square nonlinear optimization algorithm.To solve the problem in calculating initial values for the nonlinear optimization, a method based on seed points is proposed to provide a reliable initial value for the least-square nonlinear optimization. Finally, the approaches used for three-dimensional reconstruction and calculating three-dimensional displacement and strain are presented in detail. Experimental results show that the RMS error of the calibration result is 0.03 pixel, the accuracy of image correlation is about 0.02 pixel, and the measurement accuracies for the static profile, displacement and the strain are 0.05% and better than 0.5%,respectively.compared with the traditional measurement method, the system can be more accurate, comprehensive and intuitive to achieve the measurement for displacement field and strain fields.

As the target-tracking in coal mines using a single-cue lacks discrimination of target features and strategies using the multi-cue fusion lack the adaptation to changes of scene, a novel particle filter algorithm based on adaptive multi-cue fusion models was proposed for object-tracking.An optical flow histogram was established based on particle motion, then,the optical flow was fused with color information to obtain a multi-cue based observation model. An adaptive strategy of observation model weights was implemented by taking the centroid distance between the single-cue observation model and multi-cue fusion model as the contribution factor of the single-cue observation model. When it was implemented, the particle observation model would change with the object characteristics.The particle re-sampling was achieved by a proposal re-sampling when weights of single-cue observation model were all below a threshold. The results show that the tracking algorithm is an effective solution to tracking failure due to changes of scene in coal mines.The accuracy of estimation has increased by 1.57 times as compared with those of other particle filter algorithms.

A Graphic processing Unit(GPU) optimization programming method is presented to apply to the real-time restoration of motion blurred video images. The blocks and threads run on the GPU are optimally set based on the hardware structure of Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA), and a memory access method is introduced to implement automatic coalesced access. These are required to make sure the full utilization of the GPU’s hardware resource. According to the symmetry property of FFT spectra, the redundant information in the frequency spectrum is eliminated and the number of frequency data filtered by the image algorithm is decreased,by which the amount of GPU memory access for realizing the algorithm optimization is reduced and the computing efficiency is improved. The experiment indicates that the proposed GPU project can improve the computing performance by 10 times as compared with the conventional CPU project, and the design of half-spectrum filtering can reduce the above time consumption by 20%. The experimental results confirm the feasibility and the validity of proposed method.

To avoid shift-variance defects in the original Non-aliasing Contourlet Transform (NACT),a new approximate Shift-invariance NACT(SINACT) was proposed. On this basis, a mixed statistical model image denoising method was presented based on SINACT. This method took full advantage of the characteristics that there were intra-scale and inter-scale correlations for signal coefficients and there was no intra-scale correlation but strong inter-scale correlation for noise coefficients at small scales.Furthermore,a mixed statistical model was used to estimate the small-scale signal coefficients to avoid noise coefficients amplified by the non-Gaussian bivariate model. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can overcome the aliasing in the Contourlet transform domain and can avoid “scratching” and edge blur phenomena in the reconstructed image. The denoising Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR) of the proposed scheme is on average higher by about 2.87,1.32 and 1.36 dB than those of the Contourlet transform hard-threshold denoising,Contourlet transform domain HMT denoising and hard-threshold denoising based on NACT, respectively,and it can achieve an excellent balance between suppressing noise and preserving as many image details and edges as possible.

To address the existing problems in Ethernet measurement and control networks, such as real-time and reliability caused by the collision of measurement and control data, a double-layer compression method based on Partial Least Square Regression-self Based Regression(PLSR-SBR) was induced to the IP Mode Measurement and Control System(IMMCS). In the first layer, the model of main parameters and all auxiliary parameters was built up based on PLSR.The principal score of main parameter was determined by the efficient compression index to finish the information compression of main parameter. In the second layer, the auxiliary parameters were compressed based on a modified SBR to set up a basic signal. To ensure the fitting error to be smaller than the setting value, every auxiliary parameter sequence in the auxiliary parameters or the decomposed sequences were mapped in turn to a definitive basic signal to complete the data compression of the auxiliary parameters. Innovative technologies for some key problems were addressed in the method, including the confirmation of maximum correlation degree of interpreting latent variables and reflecting latent variables, basic signal with least basic sequences, the minimum number of decomposed sequences from auxiliary parameters and the independent update rule of basic signal. Finally, experiments using IMMCS for alcohol concentration were performed. The results show that under the conditions that IMMCS possesses main parameters and auxiliary parameters, and simultaneously data variety of parameters is wide, the compression ratio based on the method reaches 68%,which is higher than that based on the Swinging Door. The data collision of Ethernet measurements and control networks are decreased effectively.

In order to modify the luminance heterogeneity of a highly reflective surface image, restrain the phenomenon of local high luminance and to preserve enough original image information,a preprocessing method for highly reflective surface defect image is investigated and the optical characteristics of a highly reflective surface are analyzed by using Partial Differential Equation(PDE) theory and homomorphic filtering algorithms. A homomorphic filtering algorithm based on the PDE is proposed which uses the heat conduction equation filtering operator to process homomorphic decomposition images. The comentropy is induced to evaluate the processing effect in different dimension parameters, then the dimension parameter of heat conduction homomorphic filtering is determined. The algorithm is contrasted with the background subtraction algorithm and wavelet homostasis filtering algorithm,and the experiment indicates that the image processed by the proposed algorithm has the gray-level values distributed uniformly between 1～6 and a high comentropy value above 91%. This method modifies the image luminance heterogeneity, improves image quality and preserves sufficient original image information.

An object tracking algorithm with multi-bandwidth and adaptive over-relaxed accelerated convergence was proposed to avoid the local probability mode in a Mean Shift tracking process. Firstly, a monotonically decreasing sequence of bandwidths was obtained according to the object scale. At the first bandwidth, a maximum probability could be found with the Mean Shift, and the next iteration loop started at the previous convergence location. Finally, the best density mode was obtained at the optimal bandwidth. In the convergence process, the compactness of the local probability mode was avoided with the smoothing effect of the large bandwidth, and the precise position of the object could be found with the optimal bandwidth, which was similar to the object scale. To speed up the convergence, an over-relaxed strategy was introduced to enlarge the step size. Under the convergence rule, the correlation coefficient was used to adjust the learning rate adaptively. The experimental results prove that the proposed tracker with multi-bandwidth Mean Shift is robust in high-speed object tracking, and performs well in occlusions. The experimental results also show that the adaptive over-relaxed strategy reduces the convergence iterations by 30%-70%.

Aimed at the problems of noise influence, high time consumption and bad adaptive performance for iris localization, a rapid iris localization algorithm based on the method of iterative pixel ratio to cirque area is proposed. The proposed method is composed of 3 parts: cutting iris image, coarse localization by circle detection of the Hough transformation and the precise localization by an integrodifferential operator. The methods of cutting the iris image, image sampling, iterative pixel ratio to cirque area, rapid circle detection of the Hough transformation and the layered localization theory are used to improve the algorithm speed. The method of iterative pixel ratio to cirque area is put forward to reduce the radius range, and the morphological method is used to eliminate the pupil faculae. The threshold of pupil segmentation,small-range candidates of circle centre and radius, etc. are all obtained by the computation with good adaptive performance. Finally,four iris databases are applied in the experiments, and experimental results are compared with other algorithms. The results show that the accuracy of the proposed algorithm is 97.75%～99.07% and the time consumption is 52.847～158.502 ms. The experiments prove that the proposed method is a robust, rapid, adaptive iris localization algorithm with good comprehensive performance.

In order to quantitatively analyse the polyphase contents of metallographic structures, this paper presented an enclosing image edge extraction algorithm based on the Canny algorithm and a grayscale contour line.Firstly, the grayscale images of metallographic structure were blured with Gaussian blur,and then the initial edges with single edge effect in blured images were acquired using Canny algorithm. The thresholds were automatically calculated by the maximising variance between-class to reduce false edges and to obtain the basic edge for the next steps. According to the grayscale neighborhood of the end points of basic edge, the gray values of grayscale contour line were calculated. On the basis fusion conditions of basic edge and grayscale contour line, the closing edge could be created from the end points of basic edge. Experimental results indicate that this algorithm can generate an enclosing edge efficiently. The error rate of the polyphase contents of metallographic structures has decreased to ±1% by using this algorithm. The proportion range of different sections about one metallographic image has increased to 5%-95%. The algorithm can satisfy the demand of quantitative analysis of the polyphase structure contents and is suitable for different shape metallographic structures.