The structures of bacterial cells are analyzed in this paper. The scattering components of individual cell were divided into two parts including external structure and internal structure. The interpretation model of bacteria about scattering light is established. The model is used to analyze the scattering light of Escherichia coli in the region of 400~900 nm. The average size of external structure and the internal structure can be obtained, and the ratio of the two parts is also obtained. According to the relationship of the optical density of single cell and the overall measurement, the concentration of bacterial can be obtained quickly. The maximum difference in all the concentrations of the bacteria repeated measurements is 183%; compared with the plate culture method, the measurement results were in the same order of magnitude, with relative error of 343%. The scattering light of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are analyzed in different growth stages, the curves of the concentration and the size of the two species bacteria over time are obtained. The results can provide a quick way for the study of bacterial growth and technical support for rapid detection of bacteria in the water.

Supercontinuum laser refers to the spectral broadening of an incident laser beam due to a series of nonlinear effects when the incident beam passes through a special light guide. With the development of ultrafast lasers and the photonic crystal fiber technology, the coherent and bright supercontinuum laser, generated with ultrashort pulses propagating in photonic crystal fibers, has become a kind of ideal white light source. Since supercontinuum lasers have been put into practice, their application domain is getting wider, especially for cells and bloods analysis in the biomedical field with fluorescence spectroscopy, flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and optical coherence tomography as powerful analysis tools. Supercontinuum laser source has become one of the mail optical components in these scientific instruments that employ advanced technologies. In this paper, international research progress on supercontinuum laser sources was introduced in detail firstly, and then the development and application of supercontinuum laser spectroscopy technology in biomedical fields, such as microscopic imaging, flow cytometry instrument, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, optical coherence tomography, and confocal microscopy was comprehensively elaborated. The requirements, schemes and research progress of supercontinuum laser spectroscopy technologies in the noncontact identification for blood products were also discussed in the paper, including studies on light fiber supercontinuum laser sources with spectra range from 400 to 2000nm, distinguishing species characteristic of bloods with supercontinuum laser spectroscopy, analyzing and establishing mathematical models based on meta databases of big data bloods spectra, determining the bloods species based on these models, and developing portable instruments for bloods spectra identification. Finally, the prospect of applications of supercontinuum laser spectroscopy in the biomedical field is discussed.

As emerging modalities, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and imaging have been widely applied to investigate the optical properties of different biological tissues. The substrate materials are usually needed for biological spectroscopic measurements. The ultra-broadband and facility in remote sensing of the terahertz air-biased-coherent-detection (ABCD) system mean it is a good potential tool for the spectroscopic study of biological tissues. In this paper, the optical parameters of four typical substrate materials (quartz, high-density polyethylene, teflon and paraffin) are measured using terahertz ABCD spectrometer. The absorption coefficients and refractive indices are presented in the frequency range of 1～15 THz. It is demonstrated that high-density polyethylene and paraffin are good candidates as sample substrate for broadband terahertz biological spectroscopic measurement. However, quartz and teflon which are common substrate materials in narrowband (01～3 THz) terahertz system can not be utilized in high terahertz frequency range because they have strong absorption above 5 THz.

In integrating lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technologies facilitated with a series of microfluidic units, microfluidic channels, with substrates put into metal nanoparticles, especially when gold, silver or copper nanoparticles, were prepared and pumped into μl or nl analytes. This sample preparation methods have important significance in real time, in-situ trace- or processing reaction analysis jointing with surface enhanced spectroscopies (SES).This combined technologies would integrate the mertis of the two technologies of lab-on-a-chip LOC and SES. LOC has the advantages of minuming the amount of analytes and stable test environments for step by step processing operations to achieve screening samples, segmentating, real-time detecting and so on, whiel SES has the characteristics of fast spectral response, high sensitivemess and selectivness,and in-situ detectoring. On the base of Drude medol and appropriate boundary conditions, external electric field induces localizing plasmon oscillation of valence electron of metal nano particles, then which derivates the mechannisms of resonant localized suface plasmon enhancement and electromagnetic enhancement mechanism of the surface enhanced Raman scattering by dipole polarization. In this paper, combined LOC and localized surface plasmon resonance technologies analysed in biological, pharmaceutical and food safety fileds with additional channels prompting detecting efficiencies and the limits of trace detections further being broken out. This paper also summarizes the application of chip laboratory technology in the fields of public safety testing, biomedical medicine detecting, electrochemical or biological sensors with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopieswhich were capable of high sensitivitiness and molecular spectral fingerprint. LOC technologies have gotten great develoment in their respective fileds, especially combinning with 3D fingerprint technologies,which could precisely control the sizes of 3D structures and high-accuracy manufacture 3D structures according to the special purpose. LSPR and SERS have been more maturing in some applications of near filed imaging and Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopies (TERS), which have the ability to break through the optical limit of conventional microscopes and do that the width and depth of the SES technologies have been greatly extended in the micro and nano scales. So The jointed technologies would have a bright prospects in the practical applications for the qualitative and semi quantitative determination of trace analysis.

Avalanche photodiode is widely used in laser rangefinder due to high gain characteristics, but introduces highly additive noise during the time of current’s multiplication that makes laser rangefinder’s SNR meet bottleneck. This paper proposes a method of designing a high SNR’s graphene photodetector based on microcavity. The graphene’s unique optoelectronic properties make it an ideal platform for a variety of photonic applications, such as fast lasers, optical modulators, transparent electrodes, and ultrafast photodetectors. It has been recognized internationally to have dominant advantages in photodetectors due to its high carrier mobility, gapless spectrum, and frequency-independent absorption coefficient. With the wavelength of 106 μm, the mechanism of light waves’ transmission in the cavity and the graphehne’s absorption are studied by using optical transmission matrix method and scattering matrix method; the light absorption model of the graphene photodetector based on microcavity is established. Device’s final quantum efficiency reaches 912%, respectively reaches 0778 A·W-1, its full width at half maximum (FWHM) reaches 6 nm; the influence between graphene’s position in the microcavity and device’s absorption shows that device’s absorption’s peak value changes periodically with graphene’s position under resonant condition, and the variety of length of microcavity does not have any influence on the peak value, but changes the graphene’s position when absorption reaches peak value, on the condition that the length of microcavity is n times of half of wavelength, the number of device’s absorption peak value is 2n with the variety of graphene’s position, and all the peak values are symmetrical with respect to the center of microcavity, the final graphene’s position is 0402 8 mm away from the top mirror of microcavity, and the absorption reaches 94%, Compared with single layer graphene, the absorption rate increases 16 dB; By solving SNR equation of the graphene photodetector based on microcavity and SNR equation of the avalanche photodiode, eventually finds that the SNR of the graphene photodetector based on microcavity is 903, which raises 10 dB compared with the avalanche photodiode’s. Theoretical analysis shows the graphene photodetector based on microcavity has high absorption rate, high quantum efficiency, and high SNR. In this paper, the research achievements provide a theoretical reference to update and design higher SNR photodetector used in laser rangefinder’s receiving system.

The atmospheric aerosols have significant influence on human health, the environment and the climate system. The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) reflects processes of the near-surface atmosphere and concentration of pollutants. Ground-based laser radar can monitor the vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosols stably and continuously. It provides dynamic information for timing observations of the ABL and environmental forecasting, if aerosols can be monitored and evaluated using lidar technology. There is a gap in the study of ABL observations during the presence of a residual layer and aerosol intrusion, as well as deficiencies in the accuracy and poor computational efficiency of the gradient method. This paper combines the physical meaning of the latter method with characteristics of a lidar timing chart and local optimum model, which based on space-time proximity. Then a polarization-Mie scattering lidar system is used to observe the vertical distribution of aerosols over time at Taihu observation site, which is in a newly developed area of the city of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China. Observation and analysis is carried out for two cases in terms of pollution at the end of 2012. Then corresponding estimation model was built with gradient method and local optimum model based on range-corrected signals. In the case of steady weather and mixed pollution, results of the gradient method and local optimum model were very similar. However, the gradient method has more error in the case of pollution intrusion with the residual layer. The local optimum model based on the space-time proximity theory considers vertical eigenvalues and horizontal correlations, thereby greatly reducing the effects of low clouds, signal interference, weak signals, bi-layered aerosols, and residual layer condition. Compared with the gradient method, the local optimum model had a smaller O(n) and greater stability in computer automatic identification. ABL identification in the case with the residual layer and aerosol intrusion was solved with use of lidar technology and the local optimum model. The accuracy and computational efficiency problems of the gradient method were resolved using automatic operation.

Atmosphere high frequency plasma is widely used due to its advantages of free of electrode pollution, high energy density high temperature and controllable redox conditions. As the key parameter in practical use, electron temperature of plasma is commonly diagnosed with atomic emission spectroscopy and calculated with Boltzmann plots. But electron temperatures calculated based on different lines by different researchers are usually not comparable due to transition probability data, application environment, instrumental error and data processing. This paper discussed influences of element and spectral range on calculated electron temperature for the first time in order to obtain reliable electron temperature of atmosphere high frequency air plasma. 7-channel high resolution fiber spectrometer with measurement range of 200~1 077 nm was used to test atomic emission spectroscopy. The experiment indicates that: The R square of fitted slope is 095 and standard deviation is the lowest using N Ⅰ lines in 738~940 nm and the calculated electron temperature is the most reliable; electron temperature calculated with Si and O lines are unreliable because they are easily binding to heavy SiO2 particles; reliable electron temperature also cannot be obtained by mixed Ar lines.

Photo-elastic modulation Fourier transform spectrum (PEM-FTS) has the characteristics of fast modulation speed and large amount of information. However, because of the sampling position error and other reasons, there exists phase difference in the output interference data, which affects the accuracy of the reconstructed spectrum. Therefore, a phase correction scheme with high computing speed must be adopted. The 300K infrared blackbody was used as the radiant source in the experiment, and interference data were generated by the photo-elastic modulation interferometer. Mertz method is used to correct the phase of photo-elastic modulation interference data on the TMS320C6713 DSP (digital signal processor) chip. First a complete double interference data is extracted befroe the apodization processing to calculate the phase error of small double interference data, which takes the zero optical path as the center. Then a whole interference figure error phase is acquired with interpolating zero and the spectrum of the complete interference data and correcting phase are obtained at last . With two-norm to define the accuracy of corrected spectrum ,and using the method of calculating timer period register to count code running time,and observing program and data memory space in the file of command. The correction results of Mertz method and modulus square method were analysed comparatively. Experimental results show that Mertz method has advantages of fast speed,occupying less storage space and less correction error when implement phase correction on the DSP. And the operation time of Mertz phase correction method is 20 times faster than that of modulus square method.Consequently, it is suitable for high speed and accurate phase correction of PEM-FTS interference data.

Gas temperature and density of Ar metastable state in DBD Ar (Ar/N2) plasma were measured using the tunable diode-laser absorption spectroscopy technology at low pressure. The variation trend of the densities of Ar metastable state 1s5, 1s3 and gas temperature with voltage, pressure, gas flow, electrode distance and N2 concentration was studied. The density of Ar metastable was obtained by calculating the absorption peak area of absorption line based on the Lambert-Beer law, while gas temperature was determined with Doppler width of the absorption line in Voigt fitting. We deduced that the main source of the Ar metastable was the electron-impact excitation from the ground state, and the main loss process was the electron quenching. In addition, the actual discharge power, the electron state and the collision between particles were responsible for the variation of gas temperature. It was found that, when the voltage and gas flow increasing, both temperature and densities of 1s5, 1s3 shown the similar trends, which increasing rapidly at first and then slowly. In addition, the variation with gas flow was smaller than that with gas flow. With pressure increasing, temperature and densities of 1s5, 1s3 increased till to a max value and then decreased. Meanwhile, the experimental data indicated that the pressure had a greater effect on spectral line width. To increase the electrode distance properly, the density of 1s5, 1s3 decreased while the gas temperature increased. N2 added to Ar presented a great negative effect on the density of Ar metastable state. Even 05% N2 added to Ar, the densities of 1s5 and 1s3 decreasedrapidly about to 50%, but then more N2 added, there was no obvious decrease about density.

By optical emission spectrum, we report on the first investigation on the spectral characteristics of filaments in three layers gas gap in dielectric barrier discharge, which filled with gas-mixture of argon and air. The filaments are generated in 1 mm gas gap, 4 mm gas gap and 2 mm gas gap, respectively. With previous single layers gas gap or double layers gas gap of the filaments are very different in terms of spectral characteristics. The emission spectra of the N2 second positive band （C3Πu→B3Πg)are measured, from which the molecule vibrational temperature of the filaments which generated in different gas gap are calculated. Based on the relative intensity of the line at 3914 nm and the N2 line at 3941 nm, the electron average energy of the filaments which generated in different gas gap are investigated. Increasing the content of argon, the change of the molecule vibrational temperature and the electron average energy of the filaments are investigated. It is found the ascending order of the molecule vibrational temperature in the same argon content is: 2 mm gas gap, 1 mm gas gap and 4 mm gas gap. However the ascending order of the electron average energy in the same argon content is: 4 mm gas gap, 2 mm gas gap and 1 mm gas gap. The molecule vibrational temperature and the electron average energy of the filaments decrease with the argon content increasing.

Owing to its merits of high corrosion resistance, high temperature stability as well as good mechanical strength etc., silicon nitride membrane (SiN) has been widely used as the experimental carrier of transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX) and other characterization. In particular, SiN can be used as a low disturbing background for SEM observation. However, the poor luminescent property of SiN thin film has restricted its wide application in fluorescent devices. In order to enhance the fluorescence efficiency of silicon nitride membrane, a series of ZnO films were prepared on a SiNx film substrate with radio frequency magnetron sputtering (RF magnetron sputtering) technology during the experiment. Samples were then non-situ and in-situ annealed in nitrogen atmosphere, respectively. Then, atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy (Raman) were applied to study the microstructure and photoluminescence (PL) properties of the prepared films. This paper also systemically studies the luminescence of the prepared thin films. The results show that, luminescent intensity increases after sputtering, while annealing further promoted the grain growth, a substantial increase in crystallization behavior and a decrease in grain boundary. The microstructure and luminescence properties of ZnO/SiN thin films prepared by RF magnetron sputtering were significantly influenced by annealing method. Compared with the SiNx film, near the band edge of the intrinsic emission intensity (about 380 nm) of untempered ZnO/SiNx films and N2 atmosphere ex-situ annealed ZnO/SiNx films were increased by more than 77 times and 340 times. Compared with non-situ annealed films, in-situ annealed films contained more oxygen vacancy defects, thus showing a stronger visible light PL intensity. In-situ annealed films exhibited a higher photoluminescence capacity during the wavelength from 425 to 600 nm of visible light. These results can help to optimize the preparation parameters of silicon nitride based ZnO fluorescent films.

The energy received through remote sensing sensors contains the amount of reflected solar energy and emitted energy of objects in middle-wave infrared (MWIR, 3~5 μm). Usually, the reflected solar energy is weak in MWIR spectrum. In some certain situations like sun glint area in sea surface, however, the energy is relatively significant and less sensitive to atmospheric effects. Meanwhile, for the satellite sensor which equipped with onboard calibration system, its onboard radiation performance of MWIR（using blackbody calibration)is quite stable. Therefore, the MWIR reflectance in sea surface glint area can be considered as a reference for cross-calibration between the solar reflected bands. Based on this idea, this paper constructed an improved non-linear split window model that is suitable for VIIRS (visible infrared imaging radiometer) MWIR band and used this model to calculate the MWIR reflectance of sun glint area in southern Indian Ocean. This model made statistics, getting the relationship between the reflectance of VIIRS M12 and M13 bands at first, and then used the non-linear split window algorithm to calculate the actual sea surface reflectance. The uncertainty of the simulation model was 083%. On this basis, this paper calculated sea surface reflectance of selected sample regions based on the data of VIIRS M12 band (center wavelength: 3697 μm) in sun glint areas. And then verified the reflectance accuracy by two methods, getting the two accuracies were about 0239% and 023%, respectively. It proves that the calculation model in this paper can greatly improve the accuracy compared to the situation when the sea surface reflectance is between M12 and M13 which are assumed to be equal (accuracy of 248% and 103%, respectively). It also indicated that the model is feasible and effective to calculate the reflectance in sea surface glint area with VIIRS M12 MWIR band, and the accuracy can meet the requirements of MWIR sea surface reflectance as a calibration reference among bands.

A hybrid single beam spectrum α=αb1+(1－α)b2=α0e－Kb1+(1－α)0e－Kb2 is introduced as the combination of two single beam spectra b1 and b2 from the same sample but with different pathlengths (b1 and b2), where α(0＜α＜1) is the hybrid coefficient. The intensity of hybrid spectrum α can be controlled easily to the desired point by simply choosing an appropriate α. The experimental results showed that hybrid spectrum α is very nearly identical to b=0e－K(b2－αb2+αbb) under appropriate conditions, namely α≈b, where b is the single beam spectrum of the real sample with the pathlength of b2-αb2+αb1. Therefore, the desired single beam spectrum b can be obtained easily by choosing α and we no longer need to prepare IR sample with the thickness of b. Hybrid spectrum method shows valuable potential in application of eliminating background interference.

The authors systemically reviewed the fast development of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and its clinical application in the past decades. The advantages of this objective technique include real time scanning, easy manipulation and no harm to the subjects examined. Combined with pattern recognition methodology and further confirmation with the clinical and pathological diagnosis, the goal of fast differentiation of malignancy from benign lesions could be achieved. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy technique has shown high differential capacity for benign and malignant tissues such as thyroid, breast and pulmonary diseases. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy has being applied in investigating the differential value (the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy) of metastatic lymph nodes in thyroid and breast cancer with encouraging results. ATR-FTIR technique would become a promising tool in tissue diagnosis intra-operatively. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy has also been widely applied in detecting bio-fluid to differentiate diseases. The serum ATR-FTIR spectroscopy has the ability of reflecting disease-related information in a fingerprint manner with little amount of blood. Several published articles have covered diseases such as glioma, chest pain, prostate cancer, renal failure, Alzheimer’s disease, and ovarian cancer. The results of these researches have proved the efficacious discriminate value of this method. As ATR-FTIR spectroscopy has the potential of fast analysis, accurate diagnosis, and low cost-effective value. It would become one of the most important assisting diagnosis tools in future. Follow-up study should focus on enhancing sample quality and enlarging sample size to have further prospective clinical application.

Decanoic acid/porous activated carbon function material was made with microwave oven method from waste walnut shell and decanoic acid as the carrier and the phase change material respectively in this paper. Synthetic materials in different preparation stages (ie. precursor activated carbon preparation stage, porous activated carbon preparation stage and decanoic acid/porous activated carbon function material preparation stage) were measured with Fourier transform infrared spectrum. Complex network structure forming mechanism of porous activated carbon, decanoic acid embed mode, chimeric mechanism of decanoic acid and porous activated carbon were researched, respectively, in order to explain how to prepare decanoic acid/porous activated carbon function material with microwave oven method. Meanwhile, moisture property, thermal property and absorption property of this function material were tested by dynamic was used to vapor sorption, differential scanning calorimeter and environmental test chamber. The results show that the decanoic acid/porous activated carbon function material has developed pore structure and complex network composition, which adsorb the decanoic acid and formaldehyde molecules. Besides, the pore surface has some hydrophilic functional groups, which can adsorb the water molecules. The decanoic acid/porous activated carbon function material has good moisture property, thermal property and absorption property. Experiments suggest that the equilibrium moisture content can reach 0063 1~0257 g·g-1 in the relative humidity ranges from 40% to 60%. While the phase transition temperature reaches 2742~3396 ℃, the phase change enthalpy is 5214~5267 J·g-1. Besides, the adsorption efficiency of formaldehyde gas can reach 5057% after 4 h.

Coals and gangues are the main surface dump in the coal mining process. Dynamic monitoring of those dumps using remote sensing technique is of great importance for mine environmental protection. In the traditional classification of visible and near-infrared remote sensing, part of the gangues might be misclassified as coal, due to the phenomenon of “different objects with the same spectrum”, resulting in the decrease of classification accuracy. Thus, this study firstly acquired visible and near-infrared spectrums of 12 coal samples and 115 gangue samples from Tiefa mining area in China. Most of the gangue samples’ spectrums are different from those of the coals, which can be easily distinguished. While, part of the gangues has the similar spectrum with coal which results in misclassification. With an effort to improve image classification accuracy, furthermore, we acquired the thermal infrared spectrum of the misclassified gangue and the coal samples. The results indicate that there are different spectral characteristics in thermal infrared band between coal and gangue samples, which can be identified easily. Therefore, we proposed a method to separate coal from gangue based on the combination of visible, near-infrared and thermal infrared spectrum. In the first palace, the method conducts measurement on the visible and near-infrared spectrums of all samples for the rough classification recurring to the MAO model. Next, the thermal infrared spectrums of the samples, mixed with gangue and coal are acquired, and the Spectral Absorption Ratio(SAR) is utilized as the evaluation index for the second classification. The fused result of classification originates in the two steps above. The method is further verified by using external samples from Tiefa, Yanzhou, Shendong and Jiangcang mining areas in China, whose results have demonstrated that the method has higher accuracy than that of the traditional classification method based on visible and near-infrared spectrum features. The research results indicates that the conjoint analytical method involving multiple spectrums can solve the phenomenon of “different objects with the same spectrum” in a single band, effectively, which will be of great referential significance in the field of terrain classification based on remote sensing technique.

In order to prolong the shelf-life of fruits and vegetables, plastic films have been covered on them to improve water retention and keep external bacteria away. It is of great significance to estimate the quality of packaged fruits and vegetables accurately by predicting the shelf-life of them. In this research, hyperspectral technology combined with chemometric methods were employed to estimate the shelf-life of fresh spinach leaves in the same environment. Hyperspectral data covering the range of Vis-NIR (380～1 030 nm) and NIR (874～1 734 nm) were acquired from 300 spinach leaves (75 dishs) which were stored in 4 ℃ among 5 periods (0 d, 2 d, 4 d, 6 d, 8 d). Meanwhile, the chlorophyll contents of all spinach leaves were determined. The mean spectra of 300 spinach leaves (200 leaves in training set and 100 leaves in prediction set) were extracted. And then, principal component analysis (PCA) on the training set of 200 spectra from 5 periods of shelf-life displayed apparent cluster. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were established according to spectral datas and the virtual levels that we ascribed to the different storage periods previously. The total discriminant accuracy rates of prediction set were 83% (VIS-NIR) and 81% (NIR), respectively. The result indicated that the classification and prediction on the shelf-life of fresh spinach can be realized with hyperspectral technology combined with chemometric methods, which offered a theoretical guidance to evaluate the quality of packaged spinach for consumers, and provided technical supports for the development of instruments used for testing the shelf-life of fruits and vegetables in further study.

The ethanol content in ethanol gasoline was detected with ultraviolet/visible(UV/vis) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy while information fusion technology and synergy interval PLS(SiPLS) algorithm were used as the feature extraction method with the establishment of partial least squares(PLS) regression model. Using the information fusion theory, UV/vis and NIR spectra were used for data fusion, the data level fusion (Low level data fusion, LLDF) and feature level fusion(Mid-level data fusion, MLDF) model were established. The results were compared with the single source modelwith low level data fusion before vector normalization(LLDF-VN1) selected for the optimal model. Finally, the optimal model was tested using the spectral data collected from the samples of high ethanol content and commercial gasoline. The results showed that both UV/vis and NIR can be used to detect and provide good prediction results, whereas direct fusion of the UV/vis and NIR spectral data provided the best results in the regression model based on the calibration set, with the highest correlation coefficient rc, the smallest Biasc and RMSECV values, as 0999 9, 0125 8 and 0000 6, respectively. And the prediction effect of the model of LLDF-VN1(low level data fusion before vector normalization) was the best, rp=0999 1, Biasp=0352 7, RMSEP=-0073 8. In the verification of the optimal model (LLDF-VN1) by the self distribution solution, rp=0999 7, Biasp=0102 2, RMSEP=0329 1; and that for gasoline sold on market, rp=0990 1, RMSEP=0675 1, Biasp=0892 7, respectively. It showed that the data level fusion based on UV/vis and NIR spectral information could be used to detect the content of ethanol in ethanol-gasoline quickly and accurately, achieving a wide range of ethanol concentration detection, which laid a foundation for further realization of the rapid detection of substances in the blended fuel oil.

The combination of near infrared spectrum and pattern recognition methods has a wide application prospect in rapid and nondestructive supervision and management of drugs. The traditional identification methods regard the smallest error rate as the goal while the imbalance of classes is ignored. This makes the positive class is overwhelming covered by the negative class and reduces its effect for the classifier, so that the classification results tend to recognize the negative class correctly, which severely affects the identification accuracy. In this paper, we mainly studied the class imbalance problems of true or false drugs via infrared spectral data of its, and then propose a balance cascading and sparse representation based classification method (BC-SRC) by combining the Balance Cascading with SRC. We sampling majority samples from the majority class for several times, which has the same size as minority samples and the majority samples we sampled can contain all the majority class samples entirely (sampling times is ceiling the result of majority samples number divide minority samples number). We can get sets of results, and then obtain the final predict labels form those results. Experiments of three databases achieved on Matlab2012a shows that the method is effective. From the experimental results, it can be seen that the method is superior to the commonly used Partial Least Squares (PLS), Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and BP. Particularly, for the imbalanced databases, when the imbalance factor is greater than 10, the proposed method has more stable performance with higher classification accuracy than the existing ones mentioned above.

Based on new type, efficient and biological compatible near infrared surface enhanced Raman scattering (NIR used-SERS), the oxyhemoglobin of healthy people and patients with lung cancer were studied with NIR-SERS spectra. The study found that the NIR-SERS spectra have evident differences in certain areas, using principal component analysis (PCA) and independent variable T test statistical analysis method, NIR-SERS spectra in the principal component scores PC3, PC4 and PC9 has significant differences, and through the PCA score 2d and 3d scatterplot can differentiate healthy people and patients with lung cancer. The diagnostic specificity was 88% while the result of sensitivity was 80%, with total discriminant accuracy of 84%. Through the attribution analysis, significant differences both used NIR-SERS spectra is related to the vibration of oxygenated hemoglobin and vinyl pyrrole ring groups (CaCm). The study provides experimental basis for lung cancer SERS spectroscopy diagnosis, NIR-SERS technology is expected to become a kind of new clinical auxiliary diagnosis tool.

Traffic accidents, high-altitude drops, mechanical shock and other accidents may lead to human spinal cord injury, interrupting the transmission channel of human nerve signals, resulting in loss of some limb function. Since there is no method of spinal cord injury site of nerve cell activity, while the conventional testing instruments such as X ray, CT and other traditional instruments cannot provide any nerve cell activity, doctors couldn’t have a clearer understanding of the patient’s condition, which may delay the best timing of treatment, thus causing lifelong paralysis. Spectroscopy method can be used in the detection of cell organization change while near infrared spectrum technology is a kind of fast measurement and simple operation of nondestructive measuring. Therefore, aiming at the shortcomings of the existing medical testing equipment, on the basis of animal experiment, this paper uses near infrared spectrum technology, based on the absorption characteristics of the material in near infrared wave band, and combined with near infrared spectrum analysis technique of qualitative determination and quantitative analysis of the characteristics. Using clustering algorithm for spinal cord injury site of neuron-specific nuclear protein and neurotransmitters classify and simulation, partial least squares (PLS) algorithm is used to calculate the content to achieve a spinal cord accurate detection of the site of injury nerve cell activity. This method provides theoretical basis for the detection of spinal cord injury, bringing hopes to patients with limb function reconstruction and rehabilitation, for clinical provides a method to detect the activity of nerve cells in the noninvasive.

TAN and TBN which provide information about the degree of lubricating oil oxidation and the properties of alkali reserve is usually used in measurement of aging degree of lubricant, and its value can determine whether the amount of certain acid additives added is enough. It can avoid the problems such as, the abnormal wearing, corruption, deposit, filter blocking. The TAN and TBN of Lubricating oil is measured by the standard based on acid-base titration, in which potentiometric titration is used more. However it has to face the problems of complicated operation, expensive consuming material, and large quantity of sample oil, well trained operator and difficulty in handling reagent. Due to the oxidation of lubricating oil products and alkaline additives in the infrared spectrum has strong structural information, therefore, the TAN and TBN of lubricating oil can be monitored by infrared spectra. The quantification of TAN and TBN based on neutralization reaction was built up through the measurement of portable infrared spectroscopy. The reliable quantification of TAN and TBN can be archived by three procedures of lubricant type classification, building up lubricant library and multi-parameters regression. This method is supported by recent ASTM D7889 standard. Compared with the other standard, this method has a high speed of analysis, and it can read out measurement result directly without any solvent. The accuracy of measurement is relatively high, operation is relatively simple, and improve the detection speed at a certain degree. The method can be used widely in industry field, including in laboratory offline measurement and in situ online measurement.

Dendrite shaping as micro fractures is commonly found in surface of nephrite gravel and it reveals its weathering process. However, study on the petrological and mineralogical characteristics of dendrite in nephrite gravel is so far limited. Therefore, Xingjiang nephrite gravel was selected as researching sample, while electron microprobe（EPMA), Raman spectroscopy （Raman)and scanning electron microscope（SEM)were used to study the sample in terms of the chemical composition, Raman spectra and microstructure characteristics. The results are shown as follows, EPMA analysis indicates that MnO and BaO are the major chemical compositions for dendrite. The contents of MnO and BaO are 49045%~54012% and 9012%~10961% respectively. Raman spectra analysis shows that matrix of nephrite gravel mainly consists of tremolite, while dendrite mainly consists of supergene manganese minerals and organic matter. Raman peaks relating to Mn—O stretching vibration mode of MnO6 octahedra in supergene manganese minerals appear at nearly 475, 498, 510, 575 and 617 cm-1. In addition, intensity and sharpness of the Raman peaks mentioned above being different indicates that supergene manganese minerals are with different crystallinity in each test location. Raman peak relating to C—C stretching vibration mode in organic matter appears at 1 590 cm-1; while Raman peak appearing at 1 370 cm-1 is related to structure defect and disordered arrangement. SEM result reveals that the dendrite thin film covers on and contacts abruptly with the tremolite fibers which are arranged in pilotaxitic texture. Chemical composition, Raman spectra and microstructure characteristics comprehensively indicate that the formation of dendrite in nephrite gravel is related to multi-stage deposition of manganese compounds and organic matter in the river.

In this paper, confocal Raman spectroscopy was applied to detect the contents of lead chrome green as a heavy-metal stain illegally added in tea. Firstly, Raman spectra of five different concentrations of lead chrome green in tea infusion were acquired based on specific concentration method. The qualitative analysis of sample added with lead chrome green was achieved with comparing the Raman spectra of sample and standard substance. Four main Raman characteristic wavenumbers, 1 341, 1 451, 1 527 and 1 593 cm-1, were extracted for the qualitative identification of lead chrome green in tea. After spectral preprocessing of the raw Raman spectra, backward interval PLS (biPLS), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and successive projections algorithm (SPA) were combined to deeply mine the characteristic wavenumbers of lead chrome green in Raman spectra, and finally 14 characteristic wavenumbers were optimized. Partial least squares (PLS) and least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) were separately used to build the model based on the extracted 14 wavenumbers. As a result, these two models both had good robustness and high ability to predict and all the determination coefficient (R2) of calibration, validation and prediction were higher than 09, which proved the effectiveness of the extracted characteristic wavenumbers. Compared with the PLS model, the nonlinear model built by LS-SVM got a better result, R2 of prediction was 0964 and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0535. This study indicated that it is feasible to detect the contents of lead chrome green illegally added in tea based on confocal Raman spectroscopy combined with specific sample treatment and chemometrics methods. This study helped the valid supervision of food safety problem on lead chrome green illegally added in tea.

Oilseed rape(Brassica napus L. ) is a principal source of edible oil for human consumption and it feeds livestock as a by product with high energy and protein. However, oilseed plants often suffer from the invasion of various diseases, which could affect the yield and quality of the rapeseeds. Rape sclerotinia rot caused by the fungus sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib. ) de Bary may severely affect the growth of oilseed rape. Therefore, searching non-invasive detection methods of detection plant disease at early stage is crucial for monitoring growing conditions of crops. Confocal Raman spectroscopy in the region of 500～2 000 cm-1 coupled with chemometrics methods were employed to discriminate the rape sclerotinia disease at early stage on the oilseed rape leaves. A total of 60 samples(30 healthy plant leaves and 30 infected leaves) were used to acquire the Raman spectra and wavelet transform was applied to remove the fluorescence background. Regression coefficients of the partial least squares-discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) were used to select the 8 characteristic peaks based on the whole Raman spectra. 983, 1 001, 1 205, 1 521, 1 527, 1 658, 1 670 and 1 758 cm-1 were employed to establish PLS-DA discriminate models and recognition accuracy was 100%. The results showed Raman spectra combined with chemometrics method is promising for detecting rape sclerotinia infection in the oilseed rape leaves at early stage. This study provided a theoretical reference for researching the interaction between the fungus and plants and early detecting of disease infection.

RDX is a most widely used military explosive. As the development of new warheads, there are more and more applications of RDX with abnormal grain shapes. To ensure the operational effectiveness of the new warheads, it is necessary to find an on-line nondestructive methods that can measure the RDX grain’s internal pressure. In this paper, we use Raman spectrum and first-principles methods to determine the characteristic spectral line of the RDX samples and have studied the shift of the Raman spectral lines under various pressures. In particular, we measured the RDX samples under the pressures of 10, 20 and 30 MPa, respectively, and checked the fitting errors by measuring the RDX samples under the pressures of 15, 25 and 35 MPa, respectively. It is found that the shift of the characteristic Raman spectral line has a good linear dependence on the external pressures. Therefore, we can at first calibrate the linear relation between the shift of the Raman spectral line of regular RDX and the pressures in laboratory and then measure the Raman spectral line shift of the RDX with abnormal shapes. Based on the calibrated linear relation and the measurement of Raman spectra, one can determine the internal pressure in RDX. In this way, we can realize the nondestructive detection of the internal pressure of RDX. The experiment results show that this method has the advantage of good sensitivity and reproducibility. The Raman spectrum method has been successfully tested in the warhead production line.

Considering the important role of metal ions including copper ions are playing in human body, a novel single-Trp peptide WDAHSS was designed and synthesized in this study to achieve sensitive detection of copper ions via fluorescence spectroscopy. The intrinsic fluorescence of a tryptophan residue in WDAHSS, which was the only source of the molecular fluorescence, could be easily quenched with copper ions. By comparing fluorescence spectra of WDAHSS with those of tryptophan molecules at different pH values, the quenching mechanism of WDAHSS was explored in detail. Research showed that the histidine in WDAHSS bound copper ions with metal coordination. With participation of peptide bond, a square planar structure was formed. It was a consequent chelation of copper ions that caused the quenching of tryptophan residue. At the same time, this study discussed how pH conditions affected the fluorescence spectra of WDAHSS. Furthermore, association constants of copper ions towards WDAHSS were calculated through fluorescence measurements and fitting analyses. To enhance the anti-jamming ability to pH variation, the amino terminal of WDAHSS was intentionally acetylized, leading to a stable fluorescence emission under physiological pH conditions. Besides, WDAHSS was designed as a special structure to enhance the selectivity and biocompatibility of its sensitive detection of copper ions. Further studies on WDAHSS may help to improve the fluorescence imaging detection in vivo.

With Two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence(TALIF) technology, leads pulse laser in pure high-enthply flow field from the direction of perpendicular to flow field, and obtains the two-dimension atom O fluorescent signal with ICCD setting outside of test section on the vertical direction of flat made with flow field and laser, this signal reflects the relative concentration of atom O. In paper, given the experimental environment and experimental equipment, to ensure that excitation laser wavelength in experiment is the best one, different angular quantum number on ground state of atom O are tested; finally, it is determined that J=2, wavelength 225584 nm shall be experimental excitation laser wavelength. To make sure that the obtaining atom O fluorescent signal is in unsaturated linear region, in same condition, changing the excitation laser energy from small to large to test fluorescent signal, ultimately acquiring laser energy linear region is below 34 mJ. To record ICCD fluorescent image clearly with optimum contrast, Nikon f=105 mm F/28 lens is chosen as experimental lens, and the results are got with an accumulation of 50 times exposure. By analyzing the experimental fluorescent signal, we can get two peak positions on left and right of central line about ±50 mm wide which are generated with compressional wave in supersonic flow field, and atom O concentration has 60 mm wide uniform area in central zone of subsonic flow field, the concentration decreases dramatically. This phenomenon is consistent with flow characteristics of wind tunnel, so the method can be applied to flow parameters measurement in the future.

Once chlorophyll molecules within the planktonic algae cells absorb light energy, they will release energy in the form of chlorophyll fluorescence emission. The elastic scattering light of particles in water is partially polarized, while chlorophyll fluorescence is unpolarized, so we can use the properties to separate the fluorescence signal from total scattering spectra for further retrieval the concentration of chlorophyll. But for coastal waters, the approach feasibility is still unclear. Based on this, we conducted the experiment in laboratory to analyze the influence of different concentrations of inorganic particles (IOP) and chlorophyll on the fluorescence extraction using polarization discrimination technique. The results indicate that, for algae water with different concentrations of IOP, the fluorescence peak will decrease while the concentration increase, but the retrieval result is still reliable when the concentration up to 300 mg·L-1. For algae water with different concentrations of chlorophyll, the concentration of chlorophyll more higher, the efficiency of extracted fluorescence using polarization method is better, for common water, this approach can still work. The study proves that the polarization method is also applicable for complex water; it is of great importance for further detecting the concentration of chlorophyll in coastal waters using remote sensing.

In this paper, two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectroscopy analysis was applied to investigate the influence of the main component in blood and the systematic drift during the measurement on the specificity of glucose in the near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. First, the NIR transmittance of glucose aqueous solutions was measured and the 2D correlation NIR spectra were calculated under the perturbation of glucose concentration. Based on the comparative analysis for synchronous and asynchronous 2D correlation spectra, the characteristic absorption peaks of glucose in the combination band and the overtone band were determined. Then a small amount of albumin was added into glucose aqueous solutions, and the transmittance was recorded to perform 2D correlation spectroscopy analysis under the perturbation of glucose concentration. However, the absorption of glucose in the first overtone band (1590nm) and second overtone band (1195nm) was no longer homologous in the 2D correlation spectra, which means that the albumin may reduce the specificity of glucose. Further, the oral glucose tolerance test of healthy volunteer was conducted and the NIR diffuse reflectance of left palm was collected in vivo. The 2D correlation analysis results showed that, the homology of glucose in the diffuse reflectance was also destroyed. Moreover, as the spectral variation from the glucose concentration change is too low to be covered by that induced by systematic drift easily, some background correction methods were usually required. For the transmittance experiment of glucose aqueous solutions and the diffuse reflectance experiment of human body, the pure water sample and 5% diffuse reflectance standard were used as the reference, respectively. Then 2D correlation spectroscopy was developed under the perturbation of measurement time. Results showed that, smaller band shift was observed in the slice spectra of 2D correlation synchronous spectra after the corresponding background correction, and the specificity of glucose was improved both in the in vitro and in vivo experiments. So for the non-invasive glucose sensing by NIR spectroscopy, the wavelengths should be chosen carefully to avoid the absorption band of some interfering components which may destroy the homology of glucose and make spectral interpretation more complicated. And the selection of reference samples for relative measurement is also important to improve the specificity of glucose.

With the transition of Chinese traditional medicine manufacture industry, modernization has become the inexorable tendency in its future development. However, during the current Chinese traditional medicine producing process, the lack of online monitoring leads to the lagging of quality detection, as well as quality differences between products. In this paper, aiming at realizing online monitoring and end point automatic determination for Chinese traditional medicine (CTM) extraction unit, which is one of the most important units in CTM producing, ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy is applied to build UV absorbance dynamic model based on the Lambert-Beer law and the CTM extraction kinetic model which presents a new method of UV absorbance dynamic analysis and endpoint determination, including curve regression, robustness analysis and endpoint calculation. In the experiment for online monitoring homalomena occulta extraction, the online UV spectral collection system for CTM extraction, developed by our laboratory, was applied for spectral collection; meanwhile, solid component contents in the offline samples were measured as reference. During the analysis, first of all, we pretreated the spectrum collected in the current period with interpolation and smoothing, and calculated the mean value within a UV region of 2302～400 nm to form an absorbance mean value sequence with data obtained in the early measurements; then we verified the linear correlation between the sequence of absorbance and the concentrations of effective component in the solution, the linear correlation coefficient equals 0982 8, showing a high linearity between UV spectra and solid component contents; finally, we regressed the absorbance mean value sequence with the dynamic model, analyzing its robustness and the extraction endpoint. Experimental results demonstrate that, the robustness analysis could recognize the bad points of measurement during the regression process, and improve the consistency between the regression and the original curves, raising its squared correlation coefficient to more than 099; meanwhile, with endpoint determination, we shortened the homalomena occulta extraction process from the original manually set 180 to 122 min effectively. The experiment above proves that this method with UV spectroscopy realizes online monitoring and automatic endpoint determination for the CTM extraction process, and is of significant importance for stabilizing production as well as improving economic benefit.

In the process of X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging, the traditional single-energy X-ray CT imaging technology is only applicableto structural analysis but can’t meet the needs of functioning for substance distinction and identification because of the multispectral hardening artifacts and inconsistency between the projection acquisition process and reconstruction assumption. A multispectral CT imaging method based on the spectrum matching priors is presented. First, energy spectrum filtering matching model is built and range spectrum parameters are set according to the material composition; then multi-spectrum projection sequence is acquired by filtering. Second, the different reference energy is selected according to the material composition, befor using the improved Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques (ART) to achieve a multi-spectral CT imaging. Simulation result shows that we improved the contrast of the reconstructed image effectively, while meeting the needs of substance distinction. The actual data collection process is achieved by reconstructing in different spectrum and different corresponding reference energy.

A rapid UV-Vis spectrophotometric method was proposed to determine the concentration of DMP in aqueous solutions. The linear concentration range of DMP solution at the range of 250～400 nm is 05～70 mmol·L-1. At 275 nm, the linear fitting equation is A=0030 7c+0133 0 with a correlation of 0980 9. The detection limitation is 946×10-5 mmol·L-1, the RSD (n=6) of the method were at the range of 0100%～0612%. The recovery ratio for salt solutions sample is 95%～104%. Temperature, pH, and coexisting K+, Na+, Mg2+, Cl-, Br-, I-, SO2-4 ions do not affect the detection. The coexisting CO2-3 and HCO-3 ions can be eliminated with acidification. The results showed that the proposed method is simple in pretreatment process and has high accuracy and precision. It is a quick measurement method of DMP concentration in water solution, and can be used to measure DMP concentration in reverse flotation tail liquid and reverse flotation material pulp.

In this study, the Raman and fluorescence spectra of LaCl3 solution were studied with theoretical calculation and spectroscopic experiments. Based on B3LYP method of density functional theory, with the 6-31G(D,P)+Def2-SV (P) based on the group level the lanthanum chloride solution of micro cluster structure is calculated. The results show that the micro cluster molecules tend to form a 9 coordination structure, which verifies the feasibility of the method. Theoretical and experimental Raman values are compared to the basic consistent. The addition of LaCl3 leads to the increase of the peak intensity of the Raman spectra in the 300~600 cm-1 range, which may be caused by the superposition of the La-O vibration and the rocking peaks of O—H in aqueous solutions; In the 3 000~4 000 cm-1 range, the peak of lanthanum chloride solution is narrow compared with water, which may be caused by the stretching vibration of O—H in lanthanum hydrate. Fluorescence emission spectra at 350 nm appear obvious new peak, the good linearity was obtained between the peak intensity and the concentrations, and a rapid method for the quantitative analysis of lanthanum chloride solution from the angle of the complex is also realized. On the same basis set level calculated fluorescence emission center of clusters, in the range of allowable error, the theoretical calculation and the experimental spectra are basically consistent, and the new peak of the experimental spectra are identified.

Polymer solar cells (PSCs) with ZnO electron transporting layer has been widely studied because ZnO has superior electron transport capability and high light transmittivity. However, lots of defects existed in ZnO film fabricated with sol-gel method and vacuum sputtering deposition can greatly increase carrier recombination at the ZnO interface. Therefore, it is important to enhance the performance of PSCs to inhibit defects and improve contact quality of ZnO interface. The regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and 6,6-phenyl C61-butyric acid methylester (PCBM) based inverted PSCs with ZnO electron transporting layer have been developed by using layered magnetron sputtered ZnO and/or ionic liquid functionalized carbon nanopartilces (ILCNs) modification. The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of PSCs with ZnO layer sputtered with Ar and Ar/O2 gas are 22% and 28%, respectively. PSCs modified with ILCNs or layered sputtered ZnO can respectively reach 34% and 31%, and further up to 38% using layered sputtered ZnO and ILCNs integrated modification. PSCs using modified ZnO layer show the vanishment of negative capacitive behavior, lowering reverse dark current and better diode characteristics. The results indicated that using layered sputtered ZnO or ILCNs, or both integrated modification can efficiently inhibit the defects of ZnO interface and improve contact quality ZnO/P3HT∶PCBM interface. However, this integrated modification method is a more efficient strategy to enhance ZnO layer electron transporting and extraction capabilities, and further improve PCEs of PSCs.

Foodborne shrimp allergy events have occurred in recent years. To illustrate the mechanism of high hydrostatic pressure technology to change the allergenicity of shrimp, the major allergen tropomyosin was separated and purified from Litopenaeus vannamei, and indentified with matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The effect of temperature factor under high hydrostatic pressure was measured with indirect ELISA method, CD and fluorescence spectrum. The results showed that the antigenicity of TM protein had an increase after being heated at 35 or 45 ℃ when treated at 300 MPa for 15 minutes, while the antigenicity decreased at 55, 65, and 75 ℃. With the increase of heat temperature, the secondary structure of TM also changed. The mutual transformation happened between the alpha-helix and beta-sheet, beta-turn, and the random coil. The tertiary structure of TM was observed dynamic changes from the extended state to the folded state, and then re-extended state to re-folded state. These results suggested that high hydrostatic pressure combined with temperature could influence the antigenicity of TM by the change of conformation which would be useful as theoretical guidance on developing new methods or technologies for producing hypoallergenic shrimp products.

In case of GMAW-P application, the product quality is strongly dependent on the arc plasma performances. Therefore, in order to improve the application, it is important to understand and characterize the fundamental plasma properties. In this paper, different techniques (high speed camera , optical emission spectroscopy system, electrical data acquisition system, synchronous triggering device) were used to characterize the arc characteristic. The metal diffusion process from the peak time to the base time is discussed, as well as its physical characteristics. The results show that, in the peak time phase, a high concentration of metal vapor arc is concentrated in the plasma center of the range of about 1 mm, during the transition from the peak to the base pulse periods, the diffusion leads to an iron vapor flux from regions in the arc core to the arc fringes. The iron mol fraction of the peak time was up to 75%, only taking up 35% of the base time.

For the small frequency shift and large error of tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) velocity method based on Doppler Effect in measuring the gas velocity, velocity measurement method combined fixed wavelength absorption spectroscopy and cross correlation is proposed in this paper. Considering the characteristics of the hydrocarbon fuel combustion products, 7 158597 cm- 1 absorption line of H2O molecular was selected. Through arranging two beams of fixed wavelength absorption measurement point of upstream and downstream, the gas velocity can be calculated by analyzing the cross-correlation properties of the two signals. The flat flame burner experiment system was used in the experimental research of the velocity measurement. The change of gas velocity with time under variable working condition was obtained. Under the same condition, numerical calculation is carried out. And the measurement results are compared with the results of the numerical simulation with relative deviation less than 8%. Then the method is preliminarily applied to measure the high speed plume of the kerosene-fueled Rocket Based Combined Cycle (RBCC) engine, and the upstream and downstream fluctuant signals of detectors were obtained. The velocity of the plume was calculated with cross correlation analysis which verifies the feasibility of this method. The experimental results show that the gas velocity measurement method has a wide measuring range with high measuring accuracy and little environment interference. The method proposed in this paper provides a simple and reliable method for the measurement of engine gas velocity.

With small-scale oil pool experimental and spectral analysis method, the flame spectrum in initial stage of 0# diesel oil combustion was conducted a preliminary study for the first time, which was used to develop the technique of intelligent identification and suppression of fire extinguishing at the initial stage of diesel oil combustion. It educed the overall characteristics flame spectrum at the initial stage of 0# diesel oil combustion: in 200～380 nm wavelength of near-ultraviolet bands, the spectral intensity is the weakest, the spectral intensity does not change with wavelength, the number of characteristics spectral bands is minimum, the number of obvious characteristics spectral peaks is almost none; in 380～780 nm wavelength of visible bands, the spectral intensity is the strongest, the spectral intensity increases with wavelength, the number of characteristics spectral bands is maximum, the number of obvious characteristics spectral peaks is large; in 780～1 100 nm wavelength of near-infrared bands, the spectral intensity is relatively strong, the inflection point of spectral intensity appears in 780 nm, the appeared intensity decreases with wavelength, the number of characteristics spectral bands is relatively large, the number of obvious characteristics spectral peaks is at a certain number. It is educed through further analysis of the flame spectrum that: the primary intermediate radicals includes OH, CN, CH, C2, H2O, etc; the primary characteristic spectral bands includes the OH racial bands of 3 064  System and Vibration-Rotation bands, the CN racial bands of Violet System and Red System, the CH racial bands of 4 315  System, the C2 racial bands of The Swan system and Phillips Near Infra-red System, the H2O molecular Vibration-Rotation bands, etc; the bands and time distribution of primary intermediate radicals and its main generation mechanism; the existence of potassium in this experimental batches of 0# diesel oil and the spectral peak of spectral lines in 766 and 769 nm is obvious; the peak of spectral intensity in 431, 512, 516, 547, 589, 766, 769, 891, 927 nm is obvious, and it suitable for the sign of flame identification at the initial stage of 0# diesel oil combustion.

Trabala vishnou gigantina Yang (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) is a polyphagous forestry pest whose periodic breaking out results in great economic damage including total crop failure to forestry and fruit production in China. In this study, in order to improve the understanding of the host plant selection mechanism of T. vishnou gigantina larvae, locust, caragana, willow, poplar, apricot and sea-buckthorn were used as potential host plants for the test. Two-way choice experiment method was used to study the T. vishnou gigantina Yang feeding preferences of the six kinds of plants. Moreover, the chemical component and physical structure of six plants were analyzed with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Among the six plants, T. vishnou gigantina larvae showed a strong preference for sea-buckthorn, followed by, apricot, willow, poplar, locust, and caragana. The FTIR analysis displayed that those six plants presented similar characteristic on absorption peak position, peak amount, and shape. The targets (1 154/1 733, 1 154/898) by FTIR showed that lipids and polysaccharide were major nutriments to affect the host plant selection of T. vishnou gigantina larvae. The XRD results showed that crystallinity index (CrI) also could affect the host plant selection of T. vishnou gigantina larvae. In this research, spectroscopy technology was firstly applied to the study of interactive relationship between insect and host, which would blaze a trail for intensive study of host plant selection mechanism of insect at molecular level.

The traditional screening method of cervical cancer mainly involves TBS classification method and quantitative analysis method based on DNA, TBS screening method which has high diagnostic rate, but it needs experienced doctors to participate in the process with low sensitivity. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve early cervical cancer screening; cell’s DNA quantitative analysis, only stained the nucleus, achieving a quantitative and automated analysis. Even with high sensitivity, the specificity is poor. So it is extremely necessary to realize the combination of screening for TBS and cell’s DNA quantitative analysis, but the current TBS and DNA quantitative analysis combined screening method for the use of two different cell smear, time-consuming, laborious and very inconvenient, there is no screening method for cervical cancer on a combination of TBS and DNA quantitative analysis at home and abroad. This paper presents a method using TBS classification and DNA quantitative analysis on the same cell smear which was stained with Pap and Feulgen in order to solve the problem of the interference of the absorbance of DNA substance caused by multiple staining. a set of multi spectral imaging system and DNA absorbance peeling model are established based on linear multiple regression. With model solution, the real absorbance of the substance DNA was calculated, and the quantitative analysis of DNA was carried out. A pseudo color image is synthesized from 3 - band cell images with the close wavelength of RGB for TBS classification, so the organic combination of TBS and cell’s DNA quantitative analysis is realized. Experiments show that the DNA quantitative analysis model of this method is stable, with small error and high diagnostic rate due to the fact that the pseudo color images used for TBS screening were bright, clear, and clear cytoplasm. Therefore, this method is very useful in the diagnosis and screening of cervical cancer.

The feasibility was investigated for identifying sound, yellow and citrus greening leaves of navel orange trees based on hyperspectral imaging combined with correlation analysis and discriminant partial least square (DPLS) methods. The hyperspectral data of sound, yellow and citrus greening leaves were recorded in the wavelength range of 37428～1 01689 nm. Two regions of interest (ROI) were marked symmetrically on both sides along main veins with an ellipse of major axis of 60 pixels and minor axis of 30 pixels. The average reflectance spectrum was extracted from ROI regions. A pair wavelengths of 50279 and 37428 nm were chosen with correlation analysis method in the wavelength range of 37428～1 01689 nm. The classification model was developed with the peak ratio of the pair wavelengths. This model was effective to sound leaves with the recognition accuracy of 17% but yellow and citrus greening leaves. The DPLS model was employed with the preprocessing spectra of second derivative and Savitzky-Golay smoothing. The recognition accuracy of this model was 100% for citrus greening leaves and yellow ones. The number of latent variables (LVs) was optimized with the leave one out cross validation method. The optimal LVs, correlation coefficient and standard error of calibration of the DPLS model were 17, 096 and 013, respectively. The correction classification rate of the DPLS model was 100% for yellow leaves and citrus greening ones. Two-step method of the peak ratio models combination with the DPLS was proposed for identifying sound, yellow and citrus greening leaves. The new samples were applied to evaluation the classification ability of the two-step method, which included sound leaves of 10, citrus greening leaves of 10 and yellow leaves of 10. The correction classification rate reached 967%. Experimental results showed that it was feasible to identify sound, yellow and citrus greening leaves by hyperspectral imaging coupled with the peak ratio and DPLS models.

In this paper, based on the measurements of soil elements content and infrared spectra of 26 soil samples collected in more than 10 places, the relationship between soil emissivity in mid-infrared bands and the content of 11 soil elements including organic matters such as NO3-N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and pH are analyzed. The bands where the soil elements content are significantly correlated with emissivity are given. And soil elements content estimation method is established based on the soil emissivity spectra with the partial least squares regression model and multiple stepwise regression model. The results show that: (1) In 8~10 μm, the correlation coefficient (R2) between Ca and soil emissivity is the highest, followed by Mg, Mn and Fe, with the highest correlation coefficient of 085 and the lowest, 052. In the range of 6~8 μm, the correlations between the contents of K, Fe, NO3-N, Zn and emissivity decrease gradually, with the highest correlation coefficient of 075 and the lowest 048. In 10~14 μm, the correlation between soil elements contents and emissivity is the highest for Mn, followed successively by P and K. (2) The scatter plot of soil emissivity and pH value has a parabola relation basically. The emissivity is the highest when pH value is 7, while the emissivity decreases gradually with the gradual decrease of pH value. (3) The accuracy of the estimated soil elements content from the partial least squares regression method is higher than that from the multiple stepwise regression method. It is noted that R2 between the measurements and the estimates for the elements of Cu, Fe and Ca from the partial least squares regression method are very high (larger than 09). Additionally, using the simulated emissivity spectrum in the ASTER thermal infrared bands, modeling R2 and validation R2 between the measurements and the estimates for the elements of Ca from the multiple stepwise regression method are high (0774 and 0892, respectively). Using the simulated emissivity spectrum in the MODIS infrared bands, modeling R2 and validation R2 for Ca and Fe are higher than 085, and modeling R2 and validation R2 for Mg, K are higher than 05. As a whole, the emissivity spectrum in ASTER band 10 and band 11 and MODIS bands 28, 29, 30 are more sensitive to soil elements content, and thus they are more suitable for the estimation of soil elements content.

Soil organic matter (SOM) is one of the most important measuring indexes of soil fertility. How to predict SOM spatial distribution precisely has great significance to soil carbon storage estimation and precision agriculture development. Traditional measurement of SOM, although with higher accuracy, consumes a lot of labor resources and costs long-term monitoring period, therefore, it is hard to achieve dynamic monitor of SOM. Spectroscopy technique has been used in SOM and other soil physicochemical parameters quick measurement. However spatial inversion model accuracy of SOM based on remote sensing images is relatively lower than laboratory model accuracy due to the influence of soil moisture, roughness and so on. In recent years, most studies have not eliminated the effect of moisture. Since moisture has great influence on SOM spectra reflectance, this study introduced the temporal information combined with the spectral information in order to solve this problem. Soil moisture has differences in multi period remote sensing images, and the spectra reflectance is also different. Based on the combination of reflectance from of two periods remote sensing images, the spectral index was constructed to predict SOM in this study. MODIS images of study area acquired in this study area (Blacksoil zone) because of the advantage of high temporal resolution. Spectra reflectance of MODIS images were used to analyze the effect of moisture on soil spectral reflectance, and then the spectral prediction models of SOM were built based on the comprehensive impacts of SOM and soil moisture. The results shows that: (1) the accuracy of SOM prediction model based on single image was lower without consideration of moisture effect, The Root mean square error (RMSE) of SOM prediction model were 0591, 0522, 0545, 0553, and the determination coefficient (R2) were 0505, 0614, 0562, 0568, 0645 respectively based on the day of year (DOY) 117, 119, 130, 140, 143 single image. (2) Model with multi temporal images (DOY119 and 143) which considered the effect of moisture and SOM showed better predictive ability. RMSE was 0442 while R2 was 0723. Therefore the accuracy and stability of the model were significantly improved, and it can be used to predict the spatial distribution of SOM in regional scale. This study provides important information for regional soil fertility evaluation, soil carbon storage estimation, and precision agriculture development.

The reflectance of saline soil in the downstream of No.500 reservoir in Fukang, Xinjiang province was investigated. Through filed sampling and spectral test, using the method of spectral transform, correlation analysis and a quantitative analysis were conducted on the salt and water content of the soil under different disturbance degree. A multiple linear regression model was established between the soil reflectance and soil salinity content. The results show that: first, the human disturbance has a significantly positive correlation with the soil content while it has an extremely negative correlation with the water content. The correlation coefficients are 0961 and -0929 respectively. Secondly, it shows that those most heavily disturbed soil reflectance is about 10%higher than the slightly disturbed, while the slightly disturbed soil reflectance is about 17% higher than the undisturbed soil. The reason is that the soil surface of barren land with a small amount of vegetation, the biological creature and soil surface crust have been destroyed. The more the disturbance is, the greater chance the surface layer would be destroyed. Meanwhile, the surface layer of soil will be lack of the crust protective; the soil salinity of the bottom rises to the surface associated with the soil moisture will quickly evaporate. The salt is concentrated to the surface layer due to both little precipitation and a lack of protection of soil crust. Thirdly, the peak wavelength location of the spectrum is increased (999, 876~979, 1 182~1 370, 1 900 nm) while the soil is taken from undisturbed to heavily disturbed conditions, which means that with the increase of disturbance, the soil becomes more sensitive in the near infrared region. What’s more, the three different prediction models are established though the reflectance R, the reflectivity of the first derivative R′, the reflectance R+water. According to the R2 and the RMSE to comprehensive judge the accuracy of the model. It is found that among those established prediction models of the same soil salinity in the different levels of disturbance, the smaller the degree of human disturbance is, the higher the accuracy of model is. It is found that among all of those established prediction models, the one based on the derivative of R works the best, of which R2 is larger than 0983, model accuracy is improved by 5%~10% ,which means that through a derivative transformation, the linear noises in the original spectrum can be removed.

The properties of material composition in swine wastewater are closely related to its potential environmental effects, and it could provide theoretical bases for formulating scientific resource management measures to study the composition of organic matter in wastewater. In the present study, swine wastewater was directly collected from waste-retention basins in various scale pig farms with a different farming scale (based on the annual pig slaughter), namely Cheng Lin (CL, 5 000), Wu Yang-gao (WYG, 2 000), Wan Gu (WG, 20 000), and Zhang Bang (ZB, 24 000), located in Yujiang County of Jiangxi Province. The main purpose of this study was to characterize dissolved organic matter (DOM) in swine wastewater using three-dimensional excitation-emission matrices (3DEEM) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Results of all samples examined showed, with respect to CL and WYG farm, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (NH+4), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in swine wastewater was significantly higher than WG and ZB farm. Three DOM components, including two protein-like components (C1, C2) and one humic-like component (C3), were identified in wastewater using 3DEEM and PARAFAC. Results of linear regression showed, the fluorescence intensity of C1 linked significantly with C2 (p<0001) and C3 (p<0001), respectively, suggesting a same source or similar variation trend existed possibly between different DOM components. Furthermore, consistent with the variation trend of nutrient concentration in wastewater, fluorescence intensity of each DOM component in CL and WYG farm was significantly higher than WG and ZB farm. The total contribution of C1 and C2 to DOM in swine wastewater was CL (897%), WG (775%), WYG (879%), and ZB (729%), respectively, and the percentage of C3 was CL (103%), WG (225%), WYG (121%), and ZB (271%), respectively. Thus, the percentage of two protein-like components was significantly higher than humic-like in swine wastewater. Meanwhile, the fluorescence indices FI370 and humification index (HIX) of WG and ZB farm were higher than CL and WYG. In addition, Pearson correlation analysis showed that the effects of environmental parameters on fluorescence indices were different, and COD and DOC concentrations were significantly correlated with the fluorescence intensities of DOM components in swine wastewater. In summary, to a certain degree, the nutrient levels affected formation of fluorescence characteristics and DOM compositions in swine wastewater between different scale pig farms.

Visible near infrared spectroscopy combined with genetic algorithm and successive projection algorithm was investigated to detect soil organic matter (OM). A total of 394 soil samples were collected from Wencheng, Zhejiang province. In order to simplify calibration model, a total of 18 characteristic wavelengths were selected with usinggenetic algorithm and successive projections algorithm. These characteristic wavelengths were subjected to partial least squares regression (PLSR) with leave-one-out cross validation to establish calibration model of soil organic matter (OM) with coefficient of determination (R2) of 081, 083, RMSEP of 022, 020 and residual prediction deviation (RPD) of 231, 245 for the calibration set and prediction set respectively. The results showed that using genetic algorithm and successive projections algorithm can simplify the model greatly while the assessing indexes of model such as R2, RMSEP and RPD were not reduced greatly compared with indexes of model using full spectra data to develop calibration model. Therefore, genetic algorithm combined with successive projections algorithm can be used to simply the model to predict soil organic matter.

In order to improve the detection sensitivity and spectral characteristic of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), re-heating orthogonal dual-pulse configuration is adopted to analyze Fe, Pb, Ca and Mg contained in the sample and soil sample contained different concentrations of heavy mental Cr. Variation relationship between spectral intensity, signal-to-background(SBR) of four characteristic spectral lines FeⅠ: 404581 nm, PbⅠ: 40578 nm, CaⅠ: 42267 nm and MgⅠ: 518361 nm and time interval of two laser pulses is discussed, the best time interval of two laser pulses is obtained 10 μs. In the condition of single pulse and dual-pulse, the enhancement factor of spectral intensity of four characteristic spectral lines FeⅠ: 404581 nm, PbⅠ: 40578 nm, CaⅠ: 42267 nm and MgⅠ: 518361 nm is respectively 223, 231, 242 and 210; The time evolution characteristic of spectral intensity of characteristic spectral lines FeⅠ: 404581 nm and CaⅠ: 42267 nm is considered, and also the variation relationship between spectral acquisition delay time and SBR of four characteristic spectral lines, dual-pulse can prolong decay time of spectral intensity and improve the SBR of characteristic spectral lines; time evolution characteristic of plasma temperature and electron density is compared in the condition of single pulse and dual-pulse, maximum elevation of plasma temperature is found to be 730 K, and the maximum increase of electron density is 18×1016 cm-3. The limits of detection of heavy mental Cr are obtained 38 and 20 μg·g-1 respectively in condition of single and double pulse, limit of detection of Cr is reduced approximately 2 times by the condition of re-heating orthogonal dual pulse. Results above indicate that re-heating orthogonal dual-pulse can improve detection sensibility and spectral characteristic of LIBS technique, which provides an effective method for decreasing the limit of detection of elements.

As a kind of spectroscopic technique, the remote laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (Remote LIBS) can qualitatively or quantitatively measure the elemental compositions of remote targets with high-power laser and focusing optical path. In this work, a Remote LIBS system was designed and established to probe the target from 2 to 10 meters. It is characterized with Cassegrain telescope structure and automatic focusing technique. Based on this system, a method to remotely retrieve the major elemental abundance of rocks is presented. With comparative experiment, the influences on spectral signal by pulse laser energy, acquisition delay time, integration time, accumulative pulse number are analyzed to find out the optimum parameters: the wavelength of laser is 1 064 nm, pulse energy is 120 mJ, delay time is 15 μs, integration time is 1 ms, and each spectrum data acquired with averaging 30 times detection. 48 pieces of rock specimens and 6 kinds of standard rock samples (shale, granite, andesite, basalt, gneiss and pegmatite) are selected for the experiment. As to the atomic spectra database, 8 characteristic spectral lines of the major elements (SiⅠ39055 nm, AlⅠ39440 nm, AlⅠ39615 nm, CaⅡ39685 nm, FeⅠ4046 nm, SiⅠ50060nm, MgⅠ51836nm, NaⅠ58959 nm) were extracted for analyses. Then a PLS model is constructed to quantitatively analyze the rock elements. 48 rock specimens were selected as the training sets to serve the model. The 6 standard samples were used to test the solved model. The testing results shows that the elemental abundance of Si and Al can be predicted accurately with average relative error of only 94% and 96% respectively.

Seamount basalts recorded important information of seamount and deep evolution process. Through the analysis of petrology and REE geochemical characteristics of Govorov Guyot, Niulang Guyot, Arnold Guyot, Skornyakova Guyot, Gordin Guyot, McDonnell Guyot, Lingyi Seamount, Xufu Seamounts basalts in the western Pacific, it shows that basalts in study area have amygdaloidal, fumarolic-amygdaloidal and porphyritic texture. Rocks are mainly composed of phenocrysts and matrix. Mineral composition of phenocrysts is mainly plagioclase, olivine and clinopyroxene. Mineral composition of matrix is plagioclase, olivine, clinopyroxene and glassy etc. REE patterns and parameters of each sea mountain basalts reflect the typical characteristics of oceanic island basalts. It indicates that the seamount in study area is a typical volcanic seamount in plate caused by multiple hotspots. At the same time, it may have been influenced by multi-stage fault and magmatic activity.

An analytical method for the content determining of impurity elements in rosin was established. After being dissolved and diluted in ethanol, the rosin was analyzed directly with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Some experiment conditions were optimized, such as the RF power, carrier gas flow, sample amount, and increase the temperature of plasma center channel, to improve the ionization efficiency. Proper oxygen concentration was added in plasma to make sure organic carbon been complete burned, resulting in carbon deposits eliminate and signal stable. Though equipment turn and isotopes selection can effectively eliminate interferences caused by oxide and doubly charged ions mass spectrums. A large amount of isobars and polyatomic ion interference were avoided. The collision reaction cell (CRC) technology was used to further eliminate the mass spectra interference, with He collision model and H2 reaction model, respectively. The results showed that detection limits of different impurity elements were within the range from 0002 to 0035 μg·g-1, and the recoveries of real added sample were between the range from 9400% to 10600%, and relative standard deviation is less than 334%. This method enables to detect rosin dissolved in ethanol directly and needs no special sample preparation equipment. This simple, fast and accurate approach provides us a new analysis method for the quality valuation of impurity elements in rosin.

In order to research the effectof X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis on the results in the sample’s micro particles, MCNPX models had been established for an X-ray fluorescence analyzer in this paper. It had studied the characteristics of the samples with different particle sizes, the fluorescence peak counts, the peak to total ratios and the peak to source ratios. A micro particle analysis experiment had been designed for its verification. The results showed that: as for the relationship between the fluorescence intensity and the particle sizes, the MCNPX calculations were consistent with the theoretical, but contrary with the experimental results; the reason is that some hypotheses about samples in the MCNPX models were contrary with the actual states; the samples were crushed by grinding to small particles and tableting process, the MCNPX calculations and experimental results can be conversion; when the particle sizes of the samples reached the certain sizes, the fluorescence peak counts, the peak to total ratios and the peak to source ratios were stable value; within a particular size range, the influence of the particle size effects cannot be ignored, otherwise this influence can be ignored. The research methods and conclusions in this paper can provide a technical reference guide for X-ray analysis in practices.

Aiming at the miniaturization requirement of shifted excitation Raman spectroscopy test system, a portable grating-coupled external cavity (EC) tunable semiconductor laser in Littrow configuration is designed and fabricated with a commercial 785 nm high-power laser diode as the gain device. By using a new wavelength tuning method, aiming to change the position of gain device relative to the collimating lens in the horizontal direction, a miniaturized device with the size of 140 mm×65 mm×50 mm is designed. Compared to the traditional wavelength tuning method which is to change the light incident angle by rotating the diffraction grating, this new tuning method reduces the translational distance of semiconductor gain device effectively, thus it is conductive to the fast and broad wavelength tuning of portable EC laser. The experimental results show that the EC laser has a wide wavelength tuning range. Under any injection current from 340 to 900 mA, a wavelength tuning range of more than 10 nm can be realized. Especially at 900 mA, good performance including a 1167 nm-wavelength tuning range from 77940 to 79107 nm, a less than 02 nm-spectral linewidth, an up to 280 mW-output power, and a more than 25 dB-amplified spontaneous emission suppression ratio is presented, which fully meets the basic testing requirements of shifted excitation Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, 135 nm-electric wavelength tuning range is achieved by applying a mini-piezoelectric actuator. This indicates that the home-made 785 nm portable grating-coupled EC tunable semiconductor laser is suitable as the light source of portable shifted excitation Raman spectroscopy testing system to eliminate the fluorescence background of Raman spectrum.

This paper develops an effective identification method to discriminate genetically modified (GM) and non-GM organisms. The method is proposed based on terahertz (THz) spectroscopy and support vector machines optimized by Cuckoo Search algorithm (CS-SVM). In this study, the THz spectra of three GM and non-GM soya seed samples were obtained by using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) system between 02 and 12 THz. Then, the SVM model is employed to distinguish GM and non-GM soya seeds, in which the two crucial parameters, including the penalty factor and kernel parameter, are optimized by CS algorithm. The experimental results show that THz spectroscopy combined with CS-SVM can provide a rapid, reliable and non-invasive method for GMOs and non-GMOs discrimination.

ZnO Quantum dots with particle sizes about 5 nm were prepared by sol-gel method, the research about the photo luminescence(PL)/photoluminescence excitation(PLE) spectrum and the fluorescence lifetime indicated that the green emissions can be divided into two parts which were attributed to different transit mechanisms. The higher energy green emission was due to the electrons transit from conduction band to oxygen vacancies while the lower energy green emission was assigned to the electrons transit from the shallow donor levels which enhanced the green emission to the oxygen vacancies and the shallow donor levels was also the reason why the green emission reach strongest intensity when the excitation energy was a little lower than the band gap energy. While the blue emission can be explained by the electrons transiting from Zinc intervals to the valence band. The two mechanisms of green emission are first highlighted and should be considered in the optical application.

N type silicon-rich nanocrystalline-SiNx∶H films were prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique by changing NH3 flow rate. The effect of nitrogen incorporation on the microstructure and photoelectric properties of the thin films were characterized by Raman, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra, and Hall effect measurement. The results indicated that with the increasing NH3, a phase transition from microcrystalline to amorphous silicon occured. Transmission electron microscope observation revealed that the size of silicon quantum dots could be adjusted by varying the flow rate of NH3. The microstructure order of the films reduced with increasing the flow rate of NH3, while the optical band gap increased, and the optical band tail became narrow. Meanwhile, Si—N bonds density increased and P doping was blocked. I-V testing results showed that with increasing NH3, the conductivity of films first decreased compared with nanocrystalline-Si and then increased. These behaviors reveal a competition in the mechanisms controlling the conductivity. However, with further increasing NH3, the conductivity decreased significantly due to rapid carrier recombination on the amorphous net structure.

The pyrazoline was chosen as the luminescent functional group, and then four kinds of new polyamide polymer blue fluorescent materials were designed and synthesized. The structures of them were confirmed by using NMR (H 1NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Furthermore, liquid and solid film fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of the compounds were measured, and three polymers J1, J2 and J3 showed good fluorescence properties. The polymeric materials showed good film capacity, low cost and good thermal stability, and are expected to be widely applied in electroluminescent devices.

The molecular recognition of Cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) with Oxytetracycline (OTC) was studied by fluorescence spectra and UV spectra. The results showed that the fluorescence intensity and the UV absorbance of OTC were enhanced as host molecules were added, which showed that CB[6] and OTC were interacted. The inclusion of OTC was detected by fluorescence spectra and UV spectra with an apparent 1∶1 interaction, which was also observed through the Benesi-Hildebrand method, OTC can form 1∶1 complex with CB[6] under acid condition and it can not form complex with CB[6] under basic condition. The thermodynamic parameters (stability constants Ks, Gibbs free energy change ΔG, enthalpy change, and entropy change) for the complexation process were determined. The thermodynamic studies indicated that the inclusion reactions between CB[6] and OTC were the hydrophobic interaction and endothermic process.

Microwave digestion was performed to study the pretreatment methods of aluminum-plastic packaging materials (APPMs). Five different digestion reagent combinations and proportions were thoroughly considered. Digestion results indicated that the most suitable reagent combination was sulfuric and nitric acids with the optimal proportion of 1∶7 after the orthogonal experiment. Moreover, the possible reasons of the experimental phenomenon were analyzed. The contents of Pb, Cr, Cd, and As in APPMs were subsequently determined via inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The satisfactory linearity of calibration curves was obtained with the linear correlation coefficients above 0999 5, and the instrument detection limits of Pb, Cr, Cd, and As for the current method were 0215, 0067, 0006 and 0020 ng·mL-1, respectively. Furthermore, the recoveries of standard addition ranged from 838% to 1116%, and the relative standard deviations ranged from 05% to 74%. Two independent parallel determination results of Pb, Cr, Cd, and As in APPMs were approaching, and the student’s t-test (confidence level, α=005) showed that the determination results had no significant differences. In conclusion, the present method exhibited fine linearity, low detection limit, high recovery, and good precision, which can accurately be utilized to analyze Pb, Cr, Cd, and As elements in APPMs or other similar materials.

The heart rate (HR) measurements based on the camera (visible light) can be used to detect HR in non-contact mode, which has great application prospects both in the clinical application and home health care. However, CMOS sensors equipped with “rolling shutters”, which distinguishes different lines per frame to become light sensitive at different moments in time, and stylized dithering of image acquisition (IMAQ) time caused by different computer programs running in the background will greatly influence the accuracy of the measured HR. In this paper, we analyze the phase error caused by CMOS sensor and the system error introduced by system sampling clock jitters. According to derivation, we propose two methods, amplitude-frequency superposition and a cubic spline interpolation reconstruction method based on actual schedules, that can be widely utilized in computer vision to overcome the camera phase error and sampling time fluctuation error. Amplitude of signal is analyzed and processed in amplitude-frequency domain in the method of amplitude-frequency superposition, which ignores the signal phase. Thus it can eliminate the phase error effectively. The cubic spline interpolation reconstruction method based on actual schedules can reconstructed the non-uniform sampling of images as uniform ones, so it can eliminate the system error involved by the system clock jitters. What’s more, the properties of the methods are tested by applying them to both simulation experiments and real HR measurements. In the simulation, amplitude of measured signal is improved 458% relative to the amplitude measured without the method of amplitude-frequency superposition; root mean square error of signal’s frequency, detected by the cubic spline interpolation reconstruction method based on actual schedules, is reduced more than 30%. In the real HR measurements, the amplitude of HR is raised to 335% relatively based on amplitude-frequency superposition. And the accuracy of HR is raised to approximately 40% by the method of cubic spline interpolation reconstruction method based on actual schedules. Therefore, the simulation experiments and real HR measurement proof that we can effectively eliminate the camera phase error based on the amplitude-frequency superposition extraction method, and the cubic spline interpolation based on the timetable method can effectively reduce the random error in IMAQ due to system clock jitters. These methods can both be widely used in dynamic signal detection based on machine vision.

We propose a laser rangefinder system based on the quadrature modem to achieve amplitude modulation, the method improves the accuracy of the phase measuring and simplifies the hardware design compared to the system with the secondary mixing methods, and to solve the range ambiguity caused by the measuring process, the ranging ambiguity resolving algorithm based on the over-determined equation is proposed, which avoids the searching of the optimal solution, finally the two K60 laser rangefinders and three proposed rangefinders were experimented on the national standard baseline with the precision of 018 mm. the measuring time of the proposed system is less than 18 s, the average measuring error of those three prototypes is less than 2 mm, and the standard deviation is less than 1 mm within the measuring range 0~60 m. The experimental results show that the proposed design system of the rangefinder has higher measurement accuracy and speed in comparison with the traditional ones, which indicates the high reliability of the proposed design system.