The dynamics of all levels were calculated numerically in the present article for Er(0.5)Yb(3)∶FOV oxyfluoride nanophase vitroceramics. The population dynamical processes were analyzed carefully. It was found for the first time that traditional phonon-assisted energy transfer theory of rare earth ion energy transfer can not well explain the observed experimental calibrated results, as it does not take into account the difference between Stokes and anti-Stokes process. A coefficient, the improved factor of the intensity ratio of Stokes to anti-Stokes process in quantum Raman theory compared to classical Raman theory, was introduced for the first time to successfully describe the anti-Stokes energy transfer. The theoretical improvement results are coincident with experiments very well. This improvement is very significant and indispensable when the photonics of nano-materials is probed.

In the present paper the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) was used to measure the absorption spectra of L-, D-, DL-α-alanine at room temperature. A number of well-resolved absorption peaks were observed in the range of frequencies from 0.3 to 3.1 THz, which showed large differences in the spectra between the enantiomers(L-, D-alanine) and the racemic compound(DL-alanine). In parallel with the experimental study, the computed vibrational spectra were also obtained by using first principles calculations based on the density functional theory(DFT), which were in good agreement with the experimental data. Results show that the absorption spectra in terahertz region originate from the collective vibration based on hydrogen bonds.

One-dimensional (1-D) photonic crystals(PCs)with liquid crystals (LCs) are promising in various applications such as filters, low-threshold lasers, optical switch. In the present paper, the authors investigated the transmission spectrum of 1-D PCs with LCs for defect layer at different voltages ranging from 0 to 10 V. The tunable spectral range was about 50 nm, FWHM of the transmission peak was 18 nm and the band gap was nearly 400 nm. Furthermore, we presented a kind of polarization insensitive LC photonic crystal, and designed a 1-D LC photonic crystal device that has double LC layers with zero twisted angle. Double LC layers have a function of compensation for both polarization components of incident light, which makes the original two transmission peaks in the band gap to incorporate to one, and enhances the light intensity and filter performance.

Photon counting detectors based on microchannel plate have widespread applications in astronomy. The present paper deeply studies secondary electron of microchannel plate in extreme ultraviolet. A theoretical model describing extreme ultraviolet-excited secondary electron yield is presented, and the factor affecting on the secondary electron yields of both electrode and lead glass which consist of microchannel plate is analyzed according to theoretical formula derived from the model. The result shows that the higher secondary electron yield is obtained under appropriate condition that the thickness of material is more than 20 nm and the grazing incidence angle is larger than the critical angle. Except for several wavelengths, the secondary electron yields of both electrode and lead glass decrease along with the increase in the wavelength. And also the quantum efficiency of microchannel plate is measured using quantum efficiency test set-up with laser-produced plasmas source as an extreme ultraviolet radiation source, and the result of experiment agrees with theoretical analysis.

In the present work, the spatial distributions of OH radicals and O atoms were studied in argon hollowneedle-plate discharge in ambient air. A 3 cm long plasma torch was generated in the discharge. The optical emission spectrum from 300 to 800 nm was collected. Besides ArⅠ lines and N2 second positive band system, OH emission band around 309 nm, O line at 777.4 nm and weaker H line were found in the optical emission spectrum. Because OH radicals and O atoms play an important role in material surface modification, the relative intensities of the OH radicals band (around 309 nm) and O atom line (777.4 nm) were analyzed. The results show that the number of OH radicals decreases rapidly and the number of O atoms follows a rule of increasing firstly and then decreasing from arc root to arc tip.

Mechanism about the change of GaAs phtotocathode’s surface barrier during Cs activated process was studied. Ionized Cs and p type doping impurity(Be) form a dipole that decreases the vacuum level of GaAs. Generally, Cs activated GaAs photocathode could achieve zero electron affinity state. The quantum yield formula of reflection-mode photocathode has been solved from the 1-diemnsion continuity equations and the escape probability formula has been solved from the Schrodinger equation. It was found from the formula that the quantum efficiency of Cs activated GaAs photocathode is directly proportional to the electric field intensity of Be－-Cs+ dipole. A Cs activation experiment was carried out, the experiment process tallies with the theory mentioned above and the integral sensitivity of Cs activated GaAs photocathode is 453 μA·lm-1, which could be inferred as a zero electron affinity state.

Quantum cascade laser (QCL) is an ideal mid-infrared source for gas sensing in the wavelength range from 2.5 to 25 μm, due to its fast response, high sensitivity and selectivity for gas detecting. Prototypes of gas sensing system based on QCL have been developed by worldwide research groups. They have great potential in many applications, such as environment monitoring, space exploration, anti-terrorism and so on. The present paper gives a broad review of QCL gas sensing system, including the basic working principle, existing systems, and its application and future development.

The electronic spectra and energy levels of Ho3+ in Cs2NaYF6 were studied on basis of rare earth (RE) spectrum, quantum mechanics and crystal field theory. Detailed analysis on electronic absorption spectra at temperatures down to 10 K in the range of 4 600-24 000 cm-1 was carried out. The transitions, with zero phonon lines (ZPL) and abundant vibronic sidebands, from ground states to different excited states such as 5IJ(J=7,6,5,4),5FS(S=5,4,3),5GP(P=6,5) and 3K8 were clearly observed. All the transitions have been assigned and 50 experimental crystal field levels have been obtained. The dataset has been investigated by standard f-shell program, which gave out the calculated energy levels and the corresponding empirical Hamiltonian parameters. The comparison of the energy levels and Hamiltonian parameters was made with that of Cs2NaYCl6∶Ho3+ as well.

The authors investigated the efficiency and chromatic-stability characteristics of organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) with ultra-thin yellow emissive layers of 0.1 nm 5,6,11,12,-tetraphenylnaphthacene (rubrene) and hole block layer of BCP. The OLEDs with double thin rubrene layers and BCP layer were found to exhibit a high luminance and electroluminescence (EL) efficiency. The maximum EL efficiency and luminance reached 6.35 cd·A-1 at 6 V and 7 068 cd·m-2 at 10 V respectively. Moreover, Commission International De L’Eclairage (CIE) coordination maintained unchanged (0.49, 0.49) in the wide range of applied voltages. The enhanced efficiency and good chromatic stability were attributed to a balanced injection and transport of electrons and holes and the expected confinement and balanced recombination of the emission region in the ultra-thin rubrene layers.

The ignition delay times and special spectral intensity of aluminum nanopowders reacting with propylene oxide were investigated by fast spectrum system triggered by synchronous shock light singles, and the ignition mechanism was presented from those data. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum indicated that aluminum nanoparticle produced by plasma method has been oxidized for its high activity, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of sample revealed that there is 3 nm oxide layer on its surface. XPS of the products showed that the oxide layer thickness will increase with the increasing shock wave strength. AlO(464.8 nm) ignition times investigated by monochromator revealed that aluminum nanoparticle will be equably distributed in propylene oxide vapor for increasing shock wave strength to increase its heating surface and heating rate, and shock wave will easily crack the 3 nm oxide layer on aluminum nanoprticle present chance for core active aluminum to react with oxygen atome and containing-oxygen molecule in the reaction system to ignite.

The radiation spectrum of pyrotechnics’ burning flame was analyzed using transient spectrum radiometer. The working principle of multi-spectral thermometry was described. Combined with the radiation spectrum of pyrotechnics’ burning flame, the multi-spectral thermometer system was designed which had twelve working channels. The tester can choose the right working channels to calculate according to the radiation spectrum of the flame to be tested. The system is composed by optics part, electronic part, data acquisition part and data processing part. In this paper, the emissive power of black powder’s flame has been tested using the multi-spectral thermometer system. The burning flame temperature-time curve was showed after iteration calculation. Experiments indicate that the multi-spectral thermometer system can be well used to measure the flame temperature of pyrotechnics based on analyzing the emissive power when choosing the right working channels. This method lays a foundation for the research of combustion output characteristics of pyrotechnics.

An improved method using variance between-class and smoke plume mask is described. The brightness temperature threshold of potential fire pixels was adjusted to be 305 K. Based on the variance between-class of TIR channel brightness temperature and a smoke plume detection algorithm, the improved algorithm can separate the hot fire spots from the background and seek out the cool fire spots, respectively, with suitable thresholds of variance between-class. This algorithm has been used in the forest fires that happened in Fujian province and Heilongjiang province. Study shows that detection results with the algorithm are more satisfactory. It is adapted in different environments and can be more accurately detected the high-temperature fire spot and the smoder at low temperature. It increases the ability and accuracy to detect fire spots.

Ba2B2P2O10∶Eu3+ phosphor was synthesized by high temperature solid-state method. BaCO3(A.R.), NH4H2PO4(A.R), H3BO3(A.R.), Eu2O3(99.99%), NH4Cl(A.R.), Li2CO3(A.R.), Na2CO3(A.R.) and K2CO3(A.R.) were used for starting materials. After these individual materials were blended and grounded thoroughly in an agate mortar, the homogeneous mixture was heated at 1 000 ℃ for 3 h, and the phosphors were obtained. The phase present of the samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) (D/max-rA, Cu Kα, 40 kV, 40 mA, λ=0.154 06 nm). The spectral characteristics of these phosphors were measured by a SHIMADZU RF-540 fluorescence spectrophotometer. Under the condition of 400 nm excitation, the emission spectrum of Ba2B2P2O10∶Eu3+ phosphor shows several bands at 600, 618, 627 and 660 nm respectively, which correspond to the electric dipole 5D0→7F1, 7F2, 7F3 and 7F4 transitions of Eu3+. The effect of Eu3+ concentration or charge compensator on the emission intensity of Ba2B2P2O10∶Eu3+ phosphor was investigated, and the result shows that the emission intensity of the phosphor increases with increasing Eu3+ concentration, viz. the concentration quenching has not existed. And the emission intensity of the phosphor was enhanced by doping charge compensator. All the results illuminate that Ba2B2P2O10∶Eu3+ phosphor is a promising red phosphor for white LEDs.

Structure changes of bovine serum albumin (BSA) under ultrasound treatment were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The largest emission peak of BSA solution’s fluorescence spectra shifted in blue orientation, indicating that the environment of the Trp residues in BSA had altered with ultrasound treatment. The fluorescence intensity of the solution has also decreased with ultrasound, which showed fluorescence quenching effect and the conformation changes of the BSA. The relative contents of α-helix, β-fold, β-turn and random coil under different ultrasound treatment power and time were quantitatively determined via analysis of the amide Ⅰ changes of infrared spectra of BSA using curve fitting method, the secondary structure of BSA had variation trend from α-helix to β-sheet, however, the relative contents random coil had not significant change.

To fast screen high-yield Cordyceps militaris mutations strains and optimize their fermentation process, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy technology combined with chemometrics has been applied to establishing models for simultaneous determination of adenosine, protein, polysaccharide and Cordyceps militaris acid contents in Cordyceps militaris powder samples. Fermentations were implemented in Erlenmeyer flask with 468 Cordyceps militaris mutations strains under various fermentation conditions and Cordyceps militaris powder samples were collected. Then their NIR spectra were obtained using UV-VIS-NIR spectrometer and their adenosine, protein, polysaccharide and Cordyceps militaris acid contents were determined using reference methods. Partial least squares (PLS) method was employed to model the relationships between NIR spectra and the above mentioned components’ contents in Cordyceps militaris powder samples. Monte Carlo partial least square (MCPLS) was applied to identify the outliers and select suitable number of calibration samples. Moving window partial least square (MWPLS) was applied to select the characteristic wavelength of the components. The degree of the approaching (Da) was employed as criterion for selecting effective pretreatment methods investigated. The optimum models for determination of adenosine, protein, polysaccharide and Cordyceps militaris acid contents in Cordyceps militaris powder samples were obtained with the above mentioned optimization. Their correlation between actual and predictive values of calibration samples (Rc) was 0.929 43, 0.984 79, 0.907 85, and 0.851 31, respectively. Their root mean square error of prediction set (RMSEP) was 0.667 14, 0.020 65, 0.011 31, and 0.011 59, respectively. The obtained results demonstrated that the fitting and the predictive accuracy were satisfactory. It is feasible to apply this method to screen the high yield Cordyceps militaris mutation strains and optimize their fermentation process.Cordyceps militaris

In the present paper, the authors will introduce our research on spectral reconstruction of Fourier transform computed tomography imaging spectrometer by means of the algebraic reconstruction technology. A simulation experiment was carried out to demonstrate the algorithm. The spatial similarities and spectral similarities were evaluated using the normalized correlation coefficient. The performance of ART was evaluated when the quantity of projection is 45. In that case, filter back projection can’t work well. Actual spectral slices were reconstructed by using ART in the last part of this paper.

NIR spectroscopy makes a feature of a large number of wavelengths with a much smaller set of samples. However, some of the wavelengths contribute no information to the modeling. Even worse, they may contain the irrelevant information such as noise and background, which may result in a complex model and/or bad predictive ability of the model. So, it’s important to do research in-depth to eliminate these wavelengths and improve the quality of the final model. The present paper firstly summarizes the variable selection methods based on a single PLS regression model and concludes that (1) the cross-validation can be used to select optimal model with good predictive ability, but the resulting model may be not suitable for selecting variables; (2) selecting variables based on a single regression model is inaccurate and instable because a single vector of regression coefficients may not measure the importance of the variables correctly and may vary with models of different complexity. On basis of this analysis, this paper proposed a new method for variable selection based on the fusion of multiple PLS models. This method fuses the multiple PLS regression coefficients to form a vector, then a threshold is determined to eliminate the variables whose corresponding element in the vector is lower than this threshold. Finally, this method is verified by 3 well-known NIR datasets and compared with the UVE-PLS and GA-PLS algorithms. The experiments show that this method may result in a model with less complexity and/or better predictive ability. Moreover, the proposed method is elegant and efficient and therefore can be put in practical use.

According to the theory of infrared radiation and principles of temperature measurement using infrared imager, a universal mathematical model of infrared imager is established. Based on the normal emissivity characteristics of measured surface, the mathematical model is simplified, and the formula of temperature measurement using infrared imager is obtained. Through the relevant experiment, it is proved that the sum of emissivity and reflectivity of objects remained basically unchanged in a certain temperature range. The sum of emissivity and reflectivity of objects is relevant to the object types, surface conditions and the object temperature. The closer an object to Lambertian objects, the greater the sum is and the closer it is to 1. The farther the surface conditions deviate from the Lambertian surface, or the smoother the surface, the smaller the sum is. Experimental results show that if the object is close to Lambertian objects, it could be regarded as Lambertian, without the need for amendments to the actual objects. For non-Lambertian body (especially the smooth surfaces and low-emissivity objects), the amendment is necessary, or the temperature measurement error will increase, or even the obtained temperature is very far away from its true temperature. The study shows that, through the amendment, infrared temperature measurement on non-Lambertian objects is available.

The fast thermolysis processes of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and its chemical reaction mechanism under certain simulated conditions of combustion were systematically studied by means of T-Jump/FTIR technique. AP was flash-pyrolyzed under different pressure nitrogen atmosphere, with the heating rate of 1 000 K·s-1 and the set temperatures of 874 and 1 274 K. Thereafter, the real time species and concentration of its gaseous products were obtained and identified by using rapid scanning Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) in-situ spectroscopy. It was indicated that the main gaseous products of AP thermolysis is composed of NO2, N2O, NO, HCl and NClO. Interestingly, the values of N2O/NO2, NO/NO2 and NO/NClO are increased while the test temperature or pressure is elevated. It is suggested that the transformation of condensed phase and heterogeneous gas/condensed phase was probably arises and the “following reactions” among the main gaseous products may also take place in the fast thermolysis process of AP.

The Cu1Zr1Ce9Oδ catalysts synthesized with coprecipitation method were used into the selective CO oxidation in hydrogen-rich gas. The adsorbed species and the intermediates on Cu1Zr1Ce9Oδ catalysts were examined by in-situ diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy (in-situ DRIFTS) technique. It was found that hydrogen, oxygen and CO in the feed stream were adsorbed competitively at the same adsorption sites on the surface of Cu1Zr1Ce9Oδ catalysts. The pretreatment with hydrogen caused the deep reduction of Cu+ species to Cu0 species and decreased the capacity of CO adsorption on the catalyst surface. The Cu1Zr1Ce9Oδ catalyst pretreated with oxygen offered more active oxygen species and inhibited the deep reduction of Cu+ species. The helium pretreatment only purified the surface of Cu1Zr1Ce9Oδ catalyst. Two IR bands at 2 938.7 and 2 843.8 cm-1 due to bridged formate and bidentate formate species appeared at 180 ℃. The active oxygen anion of Cu1Zr1Ce9Oδ catalyst could react with CO and produce carbonate species at room temperatures. The carbonate and formate species occupied the adsorption sites and deteriorated the catalytic performance of Cu1Zr1Ce9Oδ. Flushing the Cu1Zr1Ce9Oδ catalyst with helium at 300 ℃, the bidentate formate species on the catalyst surface decomposed to monodentate carbonate species and then further decomposed to CO2, which could release the adsorption sites and restore well the catalytic activity.

In the early nineties of last century, great importance had been gradually attached to the potential of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the human body noninvasive biochemical examination. However, the human body is extremely complex. Although research teams have made some achievements in experimental simulations and in-vitro analysis, there is still no substantive breakthrough in clinical application now. The present paper discusses the key problems which prevent NIRS from achieving human noninvasive clinical biochemical examination, such as weak signal, the interference of human tissue background and the problem of blood volume change. The thoughts of noninvasive biomedical examination using NIRS are divided into two categories in terms of analytical method, that is classical near-infrared analysis and issue background interference elimination analysis. This paper also introduces in detail the current status of the two categories in the world, and believes that the second category is more promising to be successful in clinical application under the existing conditions.

Visible and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS) was applied to non-invasively measurement of water content in engine lubricant. Based on measured spectra, several spectral calibration algorithms were adopted to improve accuracy and simply calculation. Principal component analysis (PCA) and successive projections algorithm (SPA) were separately used to reduce variables of spectral model. Nine effective variables, 476, 483, 544, 925, 933, 938, 952, 970 and 974 nm, were selected by SPA, and were inputted into partial least square regression (PLSR) and multivariable linear regression (MLR) models. Both the two models obtained better results than full-spectra-PLSR model and PCA-PLSR model. It shows that SPA does not select uninformative but effective variables from full-spectrum. Least-square support vector machine (LS-SVM) was operated to improve Vis-NIRS’s ability based on full-spectrum and SPA, separately. High coefficients of determination for prediction set (R2p) up to 0.9 were obtained by both full-spectrum-LS-SVM and SPA-LS-SVM models. SPA-LS-SVM is better than full-spectrum-LS-SVM. The value of R2p of SPA-LS-SVM is 0.983 and residual predictive deviation (RPD) is 6.963. It is concluded that Vis-NIRS can be used in the non-invasive measurement of water content in engine lubricant, and SPA is a feasible and efficient algorithm for the spectral variable selection.

In the study of non-invasive measurement of human blood glucose concentration with near-infrared spectroscopy, the partial robust M-regression (PRM) is proposed in the present paper to solve the robustness of calibration model affected by outliers existing in the spectra data set. While keeping the good properties of M-estimators if an appropriate weighting scheme is chosen, PRM inherits the speed of computation and easy realization of the iterative reweighted partial least squares (IRPLS) algorithm, but is robust to all types of outliers. With the pretreatment of spectra based on PRM, the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of calibration model was presented and compared with partial least squares (PLS). Experimental results show that the robust calibration model PRM produces better prediction of glucose than the model of PLS when the components of the samples increase which is significant for non-invasive prediction of blood glucose levels.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to study three group tobacco leaves of brown spot, angular spot and weather speck, with each group being composed of three samples, namely, leaf spots, near-spot and normal tobacco leaves. The results indicate that the absorption ratio A1 631/A1 025 of the three group tobacco leaves showed the same change tendency, with the normal tobacco leaves＜the near-spot leaves＜the leaf spots. For a more objective and comprehensive analysis, the original and second-derivative spectra were selected for distance analysis in the whole region. The results show that the Pearson correlation coefficient of the near-spot leaves and normal leaves is greater than the corresponding coefficient of leaf spots and normal leaves, which suggest that the near-spot leaves and normal leaves have a closer relationship compared with the leaf spots and normal leaves. The ratios of the A1 631/A1 025 and Pearson correlation coefficients show that the chemical composition of the near-spot leaves changed gradually, that is, the near-spot leaves were in a transient state between normal and disease leaves. In conclusion, FTIR spectroscopy is a promising technique for diagnosing tobacco disease in the incubation period.

The purpose of the present paper is to establish a method of the fingerprint of LiuWei DiHuang pills by the near infrared spectroscopy. First, the authors established the fingerprint of LiuWei DiHuang pills by high performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE), and calculated its similarity. At the same time, the authors scanned its near infrared spectrogram. Then the authors established the mathematical model between the similarity of fingerprint and the near infrared spectrogram. Through the optimization of the model, the correlation(r), calibration standard deviation and the average relative error of the modeling set were 0.904 6, 0.058 and 6.12%, respectively. It proved that the linearity between calculated and forecast of fingerprint was clear. The results showed that the method of the fingerprint of LiuWei DiHuang pills by the near infrared spectroscopy was feasible.

Detection of oil spills on water, by traditional thermal remote sensing, is based on the radiance contrast between the large area of clean water and the polluted area of water. And the categories of oil spills can not be identified by analysing the thermal infrared image. In order to find out the extent of pollution and identify the oil contaminants, an approach to the passive detection of oil spills on water by differential polarization FTIR spectrometry is proposed. This approach can detect the contaminants by obtaining and analysing the subtracted spectrum of horizontal and vertical polarization intensity spectrum. In the present article, the radiance model of differential polarization FTIR spectrometry is analysed, and an experiment about detection of No.0 diesel and SF96 film on water by this method is presented. The results of this experiment indicate that this method can detect the oil contaminants on water without radiance contrast with clean water, and it also can identify oil spills by analysing the spectral characteristic of differential polarization FTIR spectrum. So it well makes up for the shortage of traditional thermal remote sensing on detecting oil spills on water.

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to study the chemical changes of masson pine (pinus massoniana lamb.) decayed by the brown-rot fungus Wolfiporia cocos (Schwein. ) Ryvarden & Gilbn. for different durations up to 23 weeks. The ratios of height of the lignin/holocellulose and holocellulose/lignin IR peaks were measured, and the klason lignin content and holocellulose content of the sound wood and brown-rotted wood with different level of decay were analyzed by wet chemical methods. The relationship between the two chemical components and the ratios of IR peak height was also established. FTIR spectra showed that, during the first 15 weeks of decay, the intensity of absorption bands at 1 736 and 1 372 cm-1 ascribed to holocellulose decreased gradually, accompanied by a successive increase in the intensity of band at 1 510 and 1 225 cm-1 ascribed to lignin. However, the intensities of holocellulose bands at 1 736 and 1 372 cm-1 had a little increase, and the intensities of lignin bands at 1 510 and 1 225 cm-1 had a very slight decrease after 15 weeks of decay. There was a very good correlation between the ratios of height of the lignin/holocellulose (I1 510/I1 736, I1 510/I1 372, I1 225/I1 736 and I1 225/I1 372)and the klason lignin content or holocellulose content. The coefficients of determination for the klason lignin content and the holocellulose content were 0.97-0.99 and 0.96-0.97, respectively. High coeffieients of determination were also obtained between the holocellulose/lignin peak height ratios and the holocellulose content(R2＝0.96). The above results suggest that, in the system studied, the klason lignin content and holocellulose content of wood decayed to differnent levels could be determined with reasonable accuracy by the FTIR technology.

The Ring effect is a significant limitation to the accuracy of the retrieval of trace gas constituents in atmosphere, while using satellite data with differential optical absorption spectroscopy technique. The Ring effect refers to the filling in of Fraunhofer lines, known as solar absorption lines, caused almost entirely by rotational Raman scattering. The inelastic component of the molecular scattering results in a net increase in radiance in the line because more radiation is shifted to the wavelength of an absorption line than shifted from this wavelength to other wavelengths. The rotational Raman scattering by N2 and O2 in the atmosphere is the main factor that leads to Ring effect. Basically, the Ring effect is considered as a pseudo-absorption process in retrieval of trace gas constituents in atmosphere. The solar spectrum measured by OMI/AURA is convolved with rotational Raman cross sections of N2 and O2, divided by the original solar spectrum, with a cubic polynomial subtracted off, to create differential Ring spectrum. This method has been suggested in order to obtain an effective differential Ring cross-section for the DOAS fitting process.The differential Ring spectrum could be used to improve the accuracy of the retrieval of the trace gases concentration. The results in this paper have been in basic agreement with the corresponding results calculated with RTM, and the R2 Statistic is 0.966 3.

The Raman spectra of binary solution (CCl4 and C6H6) and pure liquid were measured up to pressures of 11 GPa. The results show that pressure effect on binary solution is different from that on pure liquid: When mixing two liquids, owing to the changes in the density of the solution, intermolecular distance decreases and interaction energy increases, the frequency shift (blue shift) of spectral bands increases, and the frequency shift of binary liquid is faster than pure liquid frequency shift. Phase transitions (spectral bands splitting) change earlier and natural frequency difference Δ0 increases with increasing pressure, while the Fermi resonance bands ν1+ν6 and ν8 of benzene and ν1+ν4 and ν3 of CCl4 disappear as the pressure decreases gradually, the spectral bands with different compressibility have different speed, whereas CCl4 has smaller density, longer bond, smaller force constant and larger compressibility and is easy to compress, C6H6 has larger density, smaller bond, larger force constant, smaller compressibility and is hard to compress. The frequency shift of CCl4 is faster than benzene. In this paper we provide good reference on Raman bands assignment and certification under high pressure, and also provide methods and ideas for study of the different environment of high pressure effect, intermolecular interaction and solvent effect.

A spectrum signals detection method has been designed for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) under high fluorescence and background noise. The components of the fluorescence and background noise in SERS spectrum signal were analyzed first. Then they were evaluated by some models, such as polynomial model and AR model. By analysing the difference between evaluation result and original data, the Raman spectrum peaks can be detected. After being used in Rhodamine 6G, prostate-specific antigen and PH sensing experiment, the method was proved to be of high performance and practicability for SERS signal processing.

Measuring the levels of 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (DPA) in bacteria spores could provide the information about the DPA function, resistance mechanism and the mechanism of spore germination. The authors have measured levels of Ca-DPA of individual spores of different 19 kinds of Bacillus which from different sources, species, and strains by using laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS). Also we have verified the reproducibility of the system simultaneously. To investigate the biochemical components and structure in single spore, a Raman tweezers setup was used to record the Raman spectrum of single spore. A NIR laser beam (30 mW, 785 nm) was introduced into an inverted microscope to form a tweezers for trapping the spore suspended in water, and the Raman scatter was excited by the same beam. Raman spectra of 30 spores of 19 bacilus strains which collected from different area in China were recorded, and 100 spores of B. subtilis ACCC10243 were measured. A spore of the same strain was probed 100 times for verifying the reproducibility of the LTRS system. A Matlab 7.0 edited program and Origin 8.0 were used to process the spectral data. Because Ca-DPA is the chelate of DPA and the calcium ion, and the strongest Raman bands at 1 017 cm-1 was from Ca-DPA component of the spore, its intensity was linearly with the Ca-DPA concentration. Therefore, the 1 017 cm-1 bands of Ca-DPA could be used as the quantitative standard peak, and then calculated the concentration of Ca-DPA could be calculated according the intensity of 1 017 cm-1 peak. The results showed that Raman spectra of single spore can reflect the characteristics information of it. The diversity of Ca-DPA levels not only happened between different species and strains of bacillus, but also happened between different individual spores in the same strains of bacillus. Conclusion from these measurements is that there is heterogeneity in different individual spores. It is convenient to trapping and collecting its Raman spectrum in water directly, and then get the information of the level of DPA, without the complex preparation of separating, purifying spores and abstracting DPA, so we predict LTRS as a high sensitivity, high accuracy, rapid and effective method in the research of individual spores.

During Raman spectroscopy analysis, the organic molecules and contaminations will obscure or swamp Raman signals. The present study starts from Raman spectra of prednisone acetate tablets and glibenclamide tables, which are acquired from the BWTek i-Raman spectrometer. The background is corrected by R package baselineWavelet. Then principle component analysis and random forests are used to perform clustering analysis. Through analyzing the Raman spectra of two medicines, the accurate and validity of this background-correction algorithm is checked and the influences of fluorescence background on Raman spectra clustering analysis is discussed. Thus, it is concluded that it is important to correct fluorescence background for further analysis, and an effective background correction solution is provided for clustering or other analysis.

Quartz as a pressure gauge and its accuracy were studied by Raman spectroscopy at 25 ℃ and ambient pressure. The result shows that even at same temperature and pressure, the Si—O vibrational mode［1, 2］ for different grains of quartz varies between 463.59 and 464.65 cm-1, with (±0.1-±0.3)cm-1 error. The maximum difference of various grains of quartz is up to 1.06 cm-1, much higher than the measurement error. The authors believe that the variety is resulted from the stress in the internal grains of quartz, which formed during crushing quartz into small grain. Therefore, Raman spectrum for quartz has to be firstly measured as a reference of zero pressure at ambient pressure and temperature in the experimental study by using diamond anvil cell. In addition, wavenumber drift of the spectrometer and the unstable temperature will also cause remarkable error for measuring pressure.

The differentiation of natural and synthetic gems is still a difficult problem in gems identification. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of Raman spectrum, that is the life-span of phonon, can provide valuable information about.natural or synthetic gem. Analysis of the natural and synthetic ruby was performed by BTR111—785 mini-Raman spectroscopy, and it was found that the FWHM of natural ruby is more than 10 cm-1, withal the FWHM of synthetic ruby is less than 10 cm-1.

Raman Mapping spectra were collected on the samples of the normal human breast duct epithelia and the infiltrating duct carcinoma with the excitation wavelength of 633 nm and fitted with the morphological model which was presented before by the author. The normalized coefficients were calculated and used to make Raman images. Examining these images, the authors find that they show quite clearly the distribution of the chemicals which the basis spectrum was mainly derived from and that the DNA coefficient image also indicates the positions and scales of the cell nucleus, while the bright DNA area is bigger and brighter for the infiltrating duct carcinoma than for the normal breast dust epithelia, suggesting the cell nucleus in cancer tissue are larger than those in normal tissue. The correlation coefficient images were also made on these mapping spectra and examined in comparison with these model images, and it was showed that the model images have higher resolution and sensitivity although they are very similar. This work is helpful to understanding the morphological basis of the breast tissue Raman spectra and to developing the Raman diagnostic method for breast tumor.

To investigate the effect of GDG on the secondary structure of plasminogen and plasminogen activators, circular dichroism and SDS-PAGD were applied. The results show that the secondary structures of prourokinase and streptokinase were changed by GDG. The amount of α-helix, β-sheet, β-turn and random coil of fibrinolytic factors relates with the different concentrations of GDG in the study. GDG has no effects on the secondary structure of plasmin and plasminogen. GDG enhancing the interactivation of plasminogen and prourokinase was indicated by SDS-PAGE. It was found that GDG significantly affected the activity of prourokinase and streptokinase, and increased intrinsic fluorescence of prourokinase.

A Parzen window based semi-supervised fuzzy c-means (PSFCM) clustering algorithm was presented.The initial clustering centers of fuzzy c-means (FCM) were determined with training samples.The membership iteration of FCM was redefined after the membership degrees of testing samples relatively to each state were calculated using Parzen window.Two typical faults of gear box were simulated through the gear box bed in order to acquire the lubricant samples. Concentration of Fe, Si and B , which were the representative elements , was selected as the three-dimensional feature vectors to be analyzed with FCM and PSFCM clustering methods.The clustering results were that the correct ratio of FCM was 48.9%, while that of PSFCM was 97.4% because of integrating with supervised information. Experimental results also indicated that it can reduce the dependence of the experience and lots of faults data to introduce PSFCM into oil atomic spectrometric analysis.It was of great help in improving the wear faults diagnosis ratio.

Weeds grow scatteredly in fields, where many insentient objects exist, for example, withered grasses, dry twig and barriers. In order to improve the precision level of spraying, it is important to study green plant detecting technology. The present paper discussed detecting method of green plant by using spectral recognizing technology, because of the real-time feature of spectral recognition. By analyzing the reflectivity difference between each of the two sides of the “red edge” of the spectrum from plants and surrounding environment, green plant discriminat index (GPDI) is defined as the value which equals the reflectivity ratio at the wavelength of 850 nm divided by the reflectivity ratio at the wavelength of 650 nm. The original spectral data of green plants and the background were measured by using the handhold FieldSpec 3 Spectroradiometer manufactured by ASD Inc. in USA. The spectral data were processed to get the reflectivity of each measured objects and to work out the GPDI thereof as well. The classification model of green plant and its background was built up using decision tree method in order to obtain the threshold of GPDI to distinguish green plants and the background. The threshold of GPDI was chosen as 5.54. The detected object was recognized as green plant when it is GPDI>GPDITH, and vice versa. Through another test, the accuracy rate was verified which was 100% by using the threshold. The authors designed and developed the green plant detector based on single chip microcomputer (SCM) “AT89S51” and photodiode “OPT101” to realize detecting green plants from the background. After passing through two optical filters, the center wavelengths of which are 650 and 850 nm respectively, the reflected light from measured targets was detected by two photodiodes and converted into electrical signals. These analog signals were then converted to digital signals via an analog-to-digital converter (ADS7813) after being amplified by a signal amplifier (OP400). The converted digital signal of reflected light was eventually sent to the SCM (AT89S51) and was calculated and processed there. The processing results and the control signals were given out to actuate executive device to open or close the solenoid valve. The test results show that the level of detectivity of the designed detector was affected by the species, size, and density of weeds. The detectivity of broad-leaf species is higher than that of narrow-leaf species. Broad-leaf species are more easily detected than those narrow-leaf ones; the bigger the plants and the denser the leaves are, the higher the level of detectivity is.

Aimed at the measurement demand for development of better X-ray scintillation crystals, a photoelectrical detector for integrally test the multi-parameter spectral responsivity of scintillation crystals was developed. The conversion spectrum of the scintillation crystal excited by various X-ray energies under the critical focal length could be measured directly through the spectral output interface by one spectrometer, and the photovoltaic effect voltage of the PIN photodiode could be tested through the voltage output interface by one oscilloscope. Furthermore, the output power of fluorescence was calculated using an equivalent circuit. The measurement results show that the conversion efficiency of the scintillator declined along with the current increase of the X-ray tube while it has weak relation with the change in tube voltage. The experimental results show that the method presented in this paper is helpful for testing the scintillator properties

The 1% Eu3+ doped Eu3+/TiO2 nano-powders were prepared via sol-gel method by using Eu(NO3)3 and Eu2(CA)3(phen)2 (CA: camphoric acid; phen: 1,10-phenanthroline) as precursors respectively, and the samples were characterized by thermal analyses (TG-DTA), X-ray powder diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscope(SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra for their microstructure, morphology and spectroscopy properties. The results of TG-DTA and XRD indicate that the increasing trend of particle size and the conversion temperature of crystalline phase of the as prepared samples was restrained when using organic complexes Eu2(CA)3(phen)2 as the do pant. The particle size was decreased from 9 to 7 nm, and the name powders were still anatase TiO2 when the calcination temperature was increased up to 500 ℃. The absorption peak at about 370 nm in UV-Vis spectra was red-shifted when doping with organic complexes Eu2(CA)3(phen)2, namely the doped TiO2 nano powders have the ability of visible light responding. The characteristic absorption peaks of organic complex did not appear in FTIR spectrum, indicating that the Eu3+ has little impact on the formation process of TiO2 crystal when using Eu2(CA)3(phen)2 as precursor. The result of fluorescence spectrum indicates that the characteristic transition of Eu3+ at 578 nm (corresponding to 5D0→7F0), 590 nm(5D0→7F1) and 612 nm (5D0→7F2) appeared in both samples, in which the peak at 612 nm was the characteristic red transmutation peak. When doping Eu3+ with the same content, the nano-powders using Eu2(CA)3(phen)2 as precursor obtain higher luminescence intensity. Therefore, by using a simple approach, the authors prepared the light-emitting rare earth inorganic nano-powders with better luminescence property and high stability, and such inorganic nano-powders might have potential applications in many fields.

In the present paper the authors designed a vehicle-based remote sensing system using simulated platform and presented a new method of concentration calibration of natural gas pipeline leakage remote sensing. By investigating the performance of different distance, different material, different angle of topographic back scatter and different scan speed, a good coincidence was achieved between experimental results and theoretical results. The system can realize the remote detection of low-level methane concentration at a velocity of 53.3 km·h-1, and the detecting distance is about 70 m with the minimum detectable sensitivity being 28.9 ppm·m. The research result shows the feasibility in the application.

The microstructure of the pectin/whey protein isolate mixtures under incompatible conditions was investigated using dynamic light scattering spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and shear-viscosity model. Under the condition of 90 ℃ and pH 7.4, the presence of negatively charged pectin could induce depletion aggregation in a 5% protein solution, and promote phase separation; precisely, when the mass ratio of pectin/whey protein isolate was lower than 0.08, the hydrodynamic size of the aggregates was less than 300 nm, and the system showed Newtonian properties; when the mass ratio was higher than 0.08, the viscosity of the solution increased rapidly, the shear thinning properties became obvious and the size of the aggregates was close to 700 nm.

Tunable diode-laser absorption spectroscopy techniques have been widely used in many regions, such as environmental monitoring and detection of industrial process, due to their high spectral resolution, high sensitivity, fast time response and non-intrusive character. It’s important to obtain absorbance curve and integrated absorbance for gas concentration inversion and line strength calibration in direct-absorption spectroscopy techniques. An approach was taken to process the laser direct absorption spectrum. First a low-order polynomial baseline fitting was carried on sub-regions of the transmitted signal to eliminate the effect of diode-laser output fluctuation and obtain the absorbance curve. Then integrated absorbance can be inverted through line-shape fitting using Levenberg-Marquardt non-linear least-squares fitting method. This approach was verified by experimental processing of absorption lines of water vapor.

To validate the HJ-1A HSI red edge indices, spectral reflectance data from EO-1 Hyperion of close date were used to simulate the band reflectance of HJ-1A HSI. Four red edge indices (red vale position, red edge position, red edge slop and red edge swing) were extracted from both simulated and actual HJ-1A HSI band reflectance. Comparisons of the 4 red edge indices between simulated and actual HJ-1A HSI were made to validate the red edge indices product of HJ-1A HSI. The average correlation coefficient of red edge reflectance between actual and simulated HJ-1A HSI is 0.946 and its standard deviation is 0.011, thus a high consistency could be found. The correlation coefficients of red edge indices between simulated and actual HJ-1A HSI were 0.414, 0.543, 0.808 and 0.802 for red edge position, red vale position, the red edge swing and red edge slop respectively. An obvious regular varying trend was found for these 4 red edge indices along different vegetation cover fraction. The standard deviations of differential images between real and simulated HJ-1A HSI red edge indices are 5.75, 1.86, 5.7 e－4 and 0.024. The result showed that the red edge indices from HJ-1A HSI is consistent with that from simulated indices from Hyperion; the vegetation variation could be effectively reflected in HJ-1A HSI red edge indices.

To prepare the non-covalent molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with good adsorption properties, the degree of interaction is important factor between the template molecule and functional monomer before polymerization. The correlative research has been reported less. In the present paper, UV combined with infrared spectra was applied to study intermolecular interaction of the template molecule and functional monomer. andrographolide was used as the template molecule, acrylamide (AM) as the functional monomer in the three kinds of solvents, namely acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran and ethyl acetate. The experimental results showed that the UV absorption peaks at 224 nm exhibited blue-shift of 5 nm, and the absorption peak increased for andrographolide and AM in acetonitrile solvent. In IR spectra, the O—H stretching vibration was also blue-shifted by nearly 8 cm-1, while the N—H stretching vibration of blue shift was about 6 cm-1. The data showed that the strong interaction of blue-shifted hydrogen bonds generated between the molecules of andrographolide and AM. And intermolecular interaction was very weak in other two solvents. It is obvious that the stronger the intermolecular interaction, the greater the spectroscopy changes, the better the selectivity of identification points, and thus the better the adsorption properties of MIPs are.

Two novel Zn2+ organic phosphonate Zn(4,4′-bipy)(HBCP) 1 and ［Zn2(phen)2(BCP)(H2BCP)］·H2O 2 were hydrothermally synthesized. The compound 1 is with two-dimensional layer framework whereas the compound 2 is zero- dimensional structure. The Zn2＋ion is four-coordinated in compound 1 while five or six-coordinated in compound 2. The relationship between their properties and structures was studied by using FTIR, two-dimensional (2D) correlation infrared spectroscopy under thermal perturbation, fluorescence and UV-Vis DRS spectrum etc. Upon light excitation at 350 nm, the compound 1 exhibits luminescence with a strong wide emission at 412 nm and a weak emission at 520 nm, while the compound 2 exhibits luminescence with a wide emission only at 398 nm under light excitation at 336 nm.

Photoionization spectrum measurement method was designed based on constant photocurrent control by PID technology. Combined with photocurrent and hall effect measurements, this method can provide exact photoionization cross section in GaN epilayers. The measurement results of GaN epilayers show that, the responsiveness of photoelectric detector is the dominating factor affecting test accuracy. The test error increases with the incident photon energy. An 8% test error can be produced under incident photon with 3.2 eV photon energy. Deep level trap in GaN epilayers can still absorb photons with incident energy less than the energy difference between deep level trap and conductor band(2.85 eV), which implies that the lattice relaxation associated with deep level trap takes places in GaN epilayers.

To estimate the spatial variation characteristics of Taihu Lake phytoplankton and its influencing factors, samples were taken at 52 sampling sites during Apr. 2009. Then the total concentration of Chla and absorption coefficient of phytoplankton were measured the very day the samples were delivered to the lab. In the present research, results on pigment package effect by former researchers were taken to calculate its influence on specific absorption coefficients, the power of package effect of different areas in Taihu Lake were estimated, and the package effort revision was done to absorption coefficient of phytoplankton. Ratio of blue and red band of absorption coefficients (aph(440)/aph(675)) and standardization specific absorption spectrum were used to measure the influence on specific absorption coefficients by accessory pigment in different areas of Taihu Laik and different bands. Results showed that (1) specific absorption coefficients of phytoplankton in Taihu Lake vary more in short wave bands than that at 675 nm, specific absorption coefficients in Meiliang Bay are lower than in other areas. (2) Spatial variation of specific absorption coefficients in Taihu Lake is seriously influenced by package effect, and this influence occurred more seriously in Meiliang Bay than in other areas and more seriously in alongshore water body than in offshore water body. (3) Influence on specific absorption coefficients by accessory pigment is relatively weak, and mostly concentrates in short wave band, while auxiliary pigment influence is less at 675 nm, and in Meiliang Bay accessory pigment influence is less than in other areas, and its influences are less in alongshore water body than in offshore water body.

The molecularly imprinted polymers were synthesized using diazepam as the template and molecularly imprinted films (MIF) prepared on screen printed electrodes (SPE). The binding mechanism and recognition characteristics of the molecularly imprinted polymers were studied by ultraviolet (UV) spectra and infrared (IR) spectra. In addition, a conductimetric sensor for diazepam was established preliminarily based on diazepam MIF modified SPE. The results of UV spectra indicated that template molecules and functional monomers had formed 1∶2 hydrogen bonding complexes; the results of IR spectra showed that there were some functional groups in the molecularly imprintedpolymers which could interact with the template molecules. The molecularly imprinted polymers manifested highly recognition to diazepam. The response of the conductimetric sensor to the concentration of diazepam displayed a linear correlation over a range of 0.04 to 0.62 mg·L-1 with a detection limit of 0.008 mg·L-1. The sensor is suitable for on-the-spot detection of diazepam.

Zernike mode reconstruction model of human eye wavefront aberrations based on Hartmann-Shack sensor is introduced. Three algorithms, including Gram-Schmidt orthogonal transformation, Householder transformation and singular value decomposition, are deduced and compared with each other. Through simulation by the experimental data, the results suggest that the accuracy of the three methods is equivalent and singular value decomposition is the relatively ideal algorithm of wave-front aberrations of human eyes.

The Anisodus tanguticus (Maxim.) Pascher is a Chinese traditional medicinal material and Tibet herb of local Qinghai. The authors collected, tanguticus and wild Anisodus tanguticus (Maxim.) Pascher, and analyzed the contents of mineral elements such as K, Ca, Fe, Na and Mg by atomic absorption spetrometer, and P by 721 spectrophotometer. The results show that: samples in different places are all rich in Mg and Na while poor in P. At the same time, Ca has a negative correlation with other elements. Compared to the others, the amount of 4 elements is higher in wild Anisodus tanguticus is higher.

In the process of measuring soot concentration and grain diameter, the backscattering spectrum of soot particle model was calculated to ascertain and analyze main effective factor of backscattering intenisty. In the present paper, ellipsoid, column and generalized Chebyshev, three nonspheroid models, were selected according to micrograph of practical soot particle, which aims to simulate practical soot particle with equivalent diameter of about 1 μm. T-matrix method was used to caculate backscattering spectrum of the three nonspheriod models, and the main effective factor curves of intensity were obtained, too. Both numerical computer simulations and experimental results illustrate that nonspheroid particle backscattering intensity is stronger than that of spheroid particle in the visible/infrared spectrum band, especially for generalized Chebyshev model, whose backscattering intensity can be even 3.5 times higher than that of forward scattering. Meanwhile, the absorbency non-spheroid particle (complex refractive index m=1.57-0.56i) backscattering intensity is stronger than that of non-absorbency nonspheriod particle (complex refractive index m=1.57-0.001i). Furthermore, with the increase in particle equivalent radius, the light source wavelength also needs to be increase to obtain more light intensity information. The backscattering light spectrum information provides a reasonable basis for selecting light source and measure angle.

The canopy reflectance of winter wheat infected with different severity yellow rust was collected in the fields and canopy chlorophyll density (CCD) of the whole wheat was measured in the laboratory. The correlation was analyzed between hyperspectral indices and CCDs, the indices with relationship coefficients more than 0.7 were selected to build the inversion models, and comparing the predicted results and measured results to test the models, the results showed the first derivative index (D750-D550)/(D750+D550) has higher prediction precision than other indices, while the next is first derivative index (D725-D702)/(D725+D702). Saturation analysis was performed for the above indices, the result indicated that when CCD was more than 12 μg·cm-2, the first derivative index (D750-D550)/(D750+D550) was easiest to get to saturation level. Therefore, when CCD was less than 12 μg·cm-2, the first derivative index (D750-D550)/(D750+D550) could be used to estimate wheat CCD and had higher prediction precision than other indices; and when CCD was more than 12 μg·cm-2, the first derivative index (D725-D702)/(D725+D702) was not easiest to reach saturation level and could be used to estimate wheat CCD. There is a significant minus correlation between CCD and disease index (DI), moreover, accurate estimation of CCD by using hyperspectral remote sensing not only can monitor wheat growth, but also can provide assistant information for identification of wheat disease. Therefore, this study has important meaning for prevention and reduction of disaster in agricultural field.

The present review covers the latest progress in instruments and methodology of analytical atomic spectrometry in the areas, such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), atomic emission spectrometry (AES), atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), laser induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) and atomic mass spectrometry (AMS). The emphasis has focused in the fields of food, medicine and their relevant. The Lab-on-chips and microplasmas are emerged in recent years, which have facilitated the development of miniaturization of analytical atomic instruments. The applications of laser and hyphenaed techniques continue in popularity for speciation studies.

Slurry introduction graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry combining the significant advantages of the solid and liquid sampling methods is already considered as a mature technique. It was widely utilized for metal determination in trace and even ultra trace analysis in organic and inorganic complicated matrix, even for routine analysis. Methodology of the analysis of various materials using slurry furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was reviewed in the present paper in late 10 years. Techniques of slurry preparation (liquid media, stabilizing agents, mass/volume ratio, particle size and slurry homogenization systems), the chemical modification, background correctors, calibration, precision and trueness of analysis were described in detail. The developing trend has also presented. Eighty one references were cited.

Based on microwave-assisted decomposition and dry ashing methods, the concentrations of Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Se, Sr, Tl, V and Zn in sixteen Chinese rice samples and eleven Japanese rice samples were analysed by using ICP-OES and ICP-MS, and a biological standard reference material rice(GBW10010) was used to verify the accuracy and the precision of analytical method. It was demonstrated that ICP-MS equipped with a collision cell technique can be successfully used for reducing polyatomic interferences in the detection of elements with low m/z ratios. Compared with those in Japanese rice samples, the concentrations of Al, S and Sr in Chinese rice samples are significantly high, and the concentrations of B, Cd, Cs, Mg, Mo, P, Pb and Zn in Chinese rice samples are much lower(P<0.05). The Ward’s method of cluster analysis applied to the concentrations of 26 elements except Tl whose concentration is below the detection limit exhibited the ability to effectively differentiate Chinese rice samples from Japanese rice samples. Moreover, it was found that the concentrations of magnesium correlate very well with the concentrations of phosphorus in all rice samples, with the correlation coefficient being as high as 0.955 2.

In the present study, a special kind of Momordica charantia seeds produced in Hai Nan was selected and analyzed. Firstly, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES) was used to determine the mineral elements. It was clear that the contents of K, Mg and P are the highest in the seeds; Cr and Zn takes up to 5.65% and 45.45% high, especially, which are rare in plant foods. These minerals, especially Cr and Zn might have a complex effect on those proteins or polysaccharides and form a stronger anticipation of hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia and cholesterol. Secondly, seed oil was extracted by supercritical CO2 extraction with a yield ratio of 36.89%, and the fatty acids were treated by methylation in alkaline process and purified by thin-layer chromatography, then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) identification. The saturated fatty acids (SFA) take up 36.71%, and mainly are stearic acid; monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) is only 3.33% which is dominantly linoleic acid (LA); Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) accounted for 59.96%, and the α-eleostearic acid takes up 54.26% as the main fatty acids in all. The plentiful α-eleostearic acid leads to strong effects of inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, lowering blood fat, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and preventing cardiovascular diseases, and so on. Knowing clearly the mineral elements distribution and identifying the composition of fatty acid, especially the main fatty acids in the oil, are both of great guiding importance to further exploit the clinical and edible value in Momordica charantiap seeds.

For exploration of the impact of mineral content on cooking quality of broad beans, this study collected 20 varieties of broad bean, and measured and analyzed the content of ash and 11 mineral elements. The relevance between mineral content and cooking quality was analyzed. The result indicated that there is a certain degree of relevance between mineral element content and the cooking quality of broad beans. These influential parameters in cotyledon were in the order of the value: Al, Mg, Zn and Mn mineral aggregate, ash P, Cu, K and Se, and Mg, Cu, Ca, Al and K mineral aggregate in seed coat.

As a pre-digestion method of breast milk microwave-digestion was adopted in this method, and the contents of calcium and phosphorus were determined by ICP-MS at the same time. By optimizing conditions of digestion and ICP-MS, appropriate internal elements and the isotope mass number and EPA200.8 interference calibration equation were chosen. The accuracy and reliability of method were verified through the recovery and milk powder analysis of national standard substances (GBW10017). Determination results are in the permissible range. The relative deviation(RSD)is less than 2.40%, while the recovery is between 102.8％ and 104.0％. ICP-MS method has wide dynamic range, and doesn’t need to dilute samples. It is suitable for lots of samples and multi-element analyzed at the same time, and making up default of different method and different element determined respectively in national standard. It is a determination method for calcium and phosphorus supply of breast milk.

The method of determination of iron, titanium and vanadium in indissolvable vanadium and titanium magnetite has been established by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy through adding the complexant A and using microwave-assisted digestion. The optimal conditions are confirmed by orthogonal experiment: 0.1 g vanadium and titanium magnetite, 0.04 g complexant A, 12 mL concentrated HCl, 10 min digestion time, and 385 W microwave power. The newly-established method has been applied to digest vanadium and titanium magnetite of Panzhihua Iron and Steel Institute (GBW07226). The iron, titanium and vanadium were detected by ICP-OES, and both comparative error (Er%) and comparative standard deviation (RSD%) met the demand of analytical chemistry, and the complexant A can significantly accelerate the dissolution of vanadium and titanium magnetite through the complexation with the dissolved metal ions, and making the surface of sample and hydrochloric acid medium to update constantly. The determination of the main and trace elements of digestion solution at the same time was achieved by ICP-OES. The method has the advantages of less use of reagents, economy, rapidness, and being friendly to environment, and it meets the requirement for rapid and volume determination. So the method has the value of practical application for the entry-exit inspection and quarantine department of the state and other relevant inspection units.

As soil salinity constitutes a major threat to agriculture in the world, to cope with this problem, much emphasis has been focused on the response mechanism of halophytes or salt-tolerant species to salinity stress. In the present study, C. album was treated with long-term NaCl and KCl stress, then several parameters were assayed in leaves as follows: inductive1y coupled p1asma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was employed to measure the K, Na content; semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to investigate the expression level of three genes which were related to ion transport on the vacuolar membrane-NHX, VP1 and VAP-C. In addition, the mechanism for the effect of different salinity on K, Na content was preliminarily discussed. The results were as follows: (1) Under lower concentration of NaCl stress, C. album had a preferential uptake of potassium and exclusion of sodium, and thus maintained a low concentration of sodium in cells of the leaf; (2) Under higher concentration of NaCl (300 mmol·L-1), C. album was able to tolerate excessive amounts of sodium in cells and kept the higher K/Na ratio in cytoplasm by compartmentalizing Na ions into the vacuole via ion transporter system located on vacuole membrane, (3) Much K ions and total ions (including sodium and potassium) may be responsible for, at least partial, the intolerance of C. album to high concentration of KCl. In conclusion, C. album could tolerate high concentration of NaCl stress, accompanied by high ability to accumulate Na+ in leaves. These results could contribute to the further investigation of this promising species, e.g. amending saline soil.

In order to find the relationships between the crystal size and the physical & mechanical properties, and to improve the levels of high value-added processing and utilizing for Chinese rattan resources, the daemonorops margaritae, Chinese unique rattan, was chosen as the research material, then the crystal size was measured and analyzed through the X-ray diffraction method before and after γ-ray irradiation. The results show that the crystal width is in the range between 1.901 and 3.019 nm, and the average width is 2.403 nm. The crystal length is in the range between 4.118 and 28.824 nm with an average length of 10.907 nm. After irradiation, the width of daemonorops margaritae is in the range between 2.139 and 3.540 nm, and the average width is 2.569 nm, and the crystal length dramatically changes in the range between 5.765 and 38.432 nm with a mean of 15.530 nm. Both of the scope and the mean value of the crystal width and length increase after irradiation.

The seven metal elements in Yunnan wild schizophyllum commune Fr, including Zn,Co,Ni,Cu,Fe,Cr and Mg, were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry for providing a scientific basis of the development. The results show that Zn, Co, Ni, Fe, Cr and Mg are relatively rich in schizophyllum commune Fr and the content of Cu is lower. The ratio of the content of Zn to that of Cu is 7.4, which is consistent with the relative content level of Zn and Cu contained in many anticancer Chinese traditional plants, implying that the nutritive value of Yunnan wild schizophyllum commune Fr is high.

Due to heavy air pollutants and aerosols in our country, the model for simultaneous evaluation of aerosol parameters and trace gases based on differential optical absorption spectroscopy is developed in the present paper. The spectra were used to get the concentrations of many trace gases and mean geometrical diameter, total number concentration and total volume of aerosol simultaneously over the same air volume. Retrieval of aerosol parameters was performed by the “table look-up” method based on total extinction coefficient. Experimental results show that trace gases and aerosol parameters can be successfully retrieved using this model.

Fanchang kiln was the earliest Chinese bluish-white porcelain kiln which first fired this special porcelain class as early as in Five Dynasties (AD 907-960). However, this important kiln declined rapidly in the middle North Song dynasty (AD 1023-1085). As to the decline reason, it is still not clearly identified till now. In order to find the truth, wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) was used to determine the elemental abundance patterns of its porcelain bodies in Five Dynasties, the early North Song dynasty and the middle North Song dynasty. The analytical results indicate that the chemical compositions of major, minor and trace elements in porcelain bodies changed greatly in the middle North Song dynasty. Combined with the results of INAA and glaze study, this change in elemental composition should be caused by the change in porcelain raw materials or body-making crafts. Meanwhile, it was just this change that led to the quality decline of raw material and rapid collapse of Fanchang kiln in the middle North Song dynasty shortly after its establishment.

Studied with X-ray fluorescence spectrum analytic (XRF), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for five different species of Salvia miltiorrhiza bge grew in Anguo, the intrinsic components and microstructures were determined and comprehensive characterization was carried out. The figure of comprehensive characterization can describe characteristics of intrinsic components from elements, crystal and amorphous active component, it can give an intuitive description for the same components and subtle differences in the intrinsic components of Salvia miltiorrhiza bge, which are different idioplasmatic and same species. It is the ideal method because of the simple preparation of sample, rapid and fine accurate measurement with reproducibility and objectivity, so that it can be used for breeding of fine varieties of Chinese medicinal materials, Chinese medicinal materials GAP guidance of growing conditions, medicinal origin characteristics, the intrinsic composition and microstructure characterization, quality control and authenticity of the identification.