Atmospheric peroxy radicals (RO2) are key intermediate radicals in the atmosphere, which occupy an important position in the tropospheric photochemical reaction processes. However, they are difficult to be measured because of their low concentration and high reactivity in the atmosphere. Chemical amplification, an indirect measurement technique, is one of the most commonly used methods of RO2 measurements. RO2 radicals are converted and amplified into high concentrations of stable NO2 via chain reactions by adding excess amount of CO and NO gas. Then the measurement of RO2 radicals could be achieved by measuring NO2 through different methods that are well developed. Chemical amplification is summarized, and different measurement methods of NO2 with their advantages and disadvantages are emphatically compared and analyzed. Finally, the directions for future research are prospected.

Based on the frozen-flow hypothesis, the theory of measuring average transverse wind speed was analyzed by using space-time cross correlation function with atmospheric coherence length monitor (DIMM). The best location of meteorological sensor is determined by the path-weighted function of scintillation and angle-of-arrival (AOA) fluctnations. Under the weak turbulence condition, the transverse wind speed was calculated by data of scintillation and AOA fluctuations which was carried out in the experiment of 1 km horizontal propagation path by DIMM. Some results were from the comparison between the transverse wind speed and the wind speed obtained by meteorological sensor. The wind speed obtained by AOA fluctuations has a certain correlation with wind speed acquired by meteorological sensor. The function of DIMM is expanded based on the experiment.

Precipitation is a regular project of meteorological observation, which is an important parameter for studying global hydrothermal cycle and climate change. Automatic observation of precipitation is an important part of the future development of meteorology in China. So a new-developed precipitation measurement system based on light blocking principle is introduced. Opposite-type laser optical system is designed and the shading signal of the precipitation particles can be captured correctly. The weak signal detection system based on correlation principle is developed to measure the information of particle velocity and size. The data smoothing algorithm is adopted to reduce the system noise in data signal processing. The system can accurately measure the distribution of raindrop distribution, precipitation amount, precipitation type. Compared with data of other similar instruments, the data of the system has good consistency and can meet the requirement of automatic observation of precipitation.

CO2 concentration has ranked the third of all the trace gas in the earth’s atmosphere and exerts a tremendous influence on greenhouse effect. It mainly comes from human’s daily activities. Detecting atmospheric CO2 concentration has important significance in understanding the periodic changes of CO2 and the inherent law of climate change. Based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) technology, the absorption line of CO2 near 2004 nm was selected, the open-path atmospheric CO2 was continuously measured by direct absorption processing method. Compared with a hand-held CO2 measurement instrument, their correlation coefficient is 0.8371, and the standard deviation is 7.204 ppm. The results show good consistency between the TDLAS and hand-held CO2 measurement instrument, and the feasibility of experiment system is proved. It provides an important way and a method for the domestic remote sensing of CO2 with laser.

Solid phase microextraction gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-TQMS) was used to detect the tap water from different areas in Hefei Science Island. It was used to study the existence of partial disinfection by-products (DBPs) in tap water and the relation between DBPs concentration and storage time of tap water in tube. SPME-GC-TQMS was also used to investigate the effectiveness of boiling method for the removal of halogen hydrocarbon disinfection byproduct. The results indicated that tap water in the Science Island contained chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and other halogenated hydrocarbon DBPs. In addition, their difference of concentration in tap water from different buildings was up to three times. The longer the storage time of tap water, the lower the concentration of DBPs. The results indicated that most of DBPs in tap water can be effectively removed after boiled. But the chloroform concentration only decreased to 30.2% of the original concentration of tap water.

For the future development and application requirements of our country’s space science and the limitations of the present satellite calibration and orbit calibration method, a design scheme of self-calibration and wide spectral band (450～1500 nm) radiation reference source is proposed. The radiation reference source is based on spontaneous parametric down-conversion effect. It is mainly composed of four main modules. They are wide spectral band parametric down-conversion, observation and self-calibration multiplexing optical path, multi-channel photon counting and coincidence detection, signal acquisition and measurement control. The radiation reference source has the function of self-calibration and self-observation. It can realize the high precision observation of the earth through its own absolute self-calibration function without external reference. This can provide high accuracy value transfer standard for other satellite payload.

Based on the OH radicals, ozone, water vapor observation data of microwave limb sounder(MLS) sensor from 2005 to 2009, the spatio-temporal distribution of OH radical and its association with ozone and water vapor in the stratosphere and mesosphere were analyzed. The results indicate that the OH radical concentration has obvious disparity in different latitude area, and there are obvious yearly periodic variations. OH radical concentration of global high-level quarter changes significantly. In the upper stratosphere, OH radical concentration is mainly influenced by changes of solar radiation and ozone concentration. In the mesosphere, OH radical concentration is closely related to the water vapor concentration variation.

Absolute calibration can be realized by means of correlation photon which is generated by the spontaneous parametric down-conversion. The main difficulty of using correlation photons method to realize the absolute calibration of analog detectors is to acquire ultra-bright entangled photons. The calibration principle and experimental device of acquiring ultra-bright correlation photons were described based on spontaneous parametric down-conversion. A laser (532 nm) was used to pump the nonlinear crystal periodically-poled lithium niobate (PPLN), and ultra-bright entanglement source satisfing the quasi-phase matching (QPM) manner was produced. The measurement result shows good linearity when pump laser power is different. The principle of phase matching technology was described and the preparation of the experiment device of ultra-bright correlation photons was set up, the pump laser light source and the design parameters of the optical components were improved. This novel method shows great significance to high-accuracy calibration for the wavelength of correlation photons and the future researches on analog detector.

The space-borne laser altimeter can be widely used in a variety of scientific research of topography, such as ice sheet and vegetation cover change. For quantitative application of the space-borne laser altimeter data, the ground-based laser altimeter calibration method was investigated and a laser altimeter ground-based simulation system was designed. The system consists of detector arrays and high precision timing system for the verification of laser altimeter pointing angle and timing. The performance of the system is tested in the laboraroty and simulated by software. Resuts show that the detector can detect the spot of average energy 3 nJ/cm2, and detection range is 1～16 nJ/cm2 with timing accuracy of 1.25 ns.