In order to study the effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content on the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC), SCC samples with RAP content of 0%, 30%, 60%, 90%, and 100% by weight replacement were prepared. Stress-strain relationship and toughness index of samples were studied by uniaxial compression test. The uniaxial compression damage constitutive model based on the strain equivalence hypothesis and statistical damage theory was established. Damage variable and damage variable development rate of samples with different RAP content were studied. The results show that compared with SCC, with the increase of RAP content, the peak stress and elastic modulus decrease and the peak strain and toughness index increase. The constitutive damage model describes the stress-strain relationship of SCC with different RAP content effectively. When the strain is less than 0.002, the damage variable value of SCC samples with RAP is larger than control SCC sample and the damage variable value of samples increases with the increase of RAP content. When the strain is larger than 0.002, the damage variable value of SCC samples with RAP is less than control SCC sample, and decreases with the increase of RAP content. With the increase of RAP content, the damage variable development rate of RAP self-compacting concrete decreases continuously and the damage rate shows a trend of increase first and then decrease.