The technology of monocentric multiscale imaging provides an effective approach to overcome the contradiction between resolution and field of view in traditional optical imaging. In this paper, the model of monocentric multiscale imaging is applied in the airborne optoelectronic detection system to achieve the wide field of view and high-resolution detection of the target. We comprehensively analyze the characteristics about the space distribution and transmission of the target radiation, and the imaging performance of optical system. Then we establish the theoretical model of detection capability of the monocentric multiscale imaging system to obtain the variation relationship between the detection capability of the system and the parameters such as the aperture, focal length, and distance of the element lens. The actual optical system is designed by using the optical design software Zemax, and the response characteristics of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the spectral signal of the incoming moving target is numerically simulated. The results show that appropriately increasing the focal length of the objective lens, reducing the focal length of the eyepiece, increasing the aperture of the system and reducing the detection SNR threshold of the monocentric multiscale imaging system can effectively improve the detection capability of the imaging system.