Raman spectrum and ultraviolet (UV) visible absorption spectrum of natural black saltwater pearls, dyed black pearls and radiated black pearls are analyzed and compared. It is found that natural black pearl, silver salt dyed pearl and radiated black pearl all have two peaks at 1080 and 699 cm-1 in raman spectrum. The fluorescence background of radiated black pearl is stronger. The peaks of dyed black pearl are correlated with the species of dyestuff. In UV-visible absorption spectrum, natural black pearl shows peaks at 284 and 357 nm, dyed black pearl has a peak at 380 nm, accounting for the displacement of 357 nm, while the peaks in ultraviolet region of silver salt dyed and radiated black pearl disappear. According to Raman and UV-visible spectral characteristics, non-destructive and effective identification of natural and color-treated black pearls is possible.