Super-resolution localization microscopy can achieve the ultra-high spatial resolution up to several nanometers by the single molecule localization and reconstruction from thousands or even tens of thousands of single molecule image, which provides unprecedented opportunities for studying the cell structures and biological phenomenon. However, the aberration (originating from the imperfection of the optical system or the inhomogeneity of the sample itself) distorts the raw images from single molecules, which decreases the final spatial resolution and even results in wrong results. The effects of several representative aberrations on super-resolution localization imaging are quantitatively characterized, and an aberration correction method based on the sample image itself is proposed. Simulation and experimental results show that the aberrations cause distortion of the point spread function and the decrease of the spatial resolution. The image quality can be restored by using the proposed aberration correction method.