The aerosol is one of the major pollutant components in the atmosphere. And the aerosol has a significant impact in the process of air pollution. The component and distribution of inorganic ions detected by FTIR show that the ambient aerosols source is related to the diameters of aerosols in Hefei. In winter, when the diameters of aerosols are smaller than 2.5 μm, the human activity is the main source, such as waste dumping, landfills and the exhaust gas from the vehicle. When the diameters are larger than 2.5 μm, the ore is the main source.