In order to quickly and accurately obtain the transient temperature field information of the barrel when the gun is firing, the transient temperature measurement system was designed with apodized-chirped fiber Bragg grating (FBG) probe. In the system, chirped fiber grating was used to modulate the bandwidth of echo light. The bandwidth of echo light had been greatly improved. So the number of apodized-chirped FBGs in one fiber could be greatly increased, and the energy of echo light was increased too. The performances of five common apodization functions were analyzed, and the super-Gaussian function was used to process the echo signals in the system. This function effectively suppressed sidelobe increases and spectral dispersion caused by chirp modulation, which indicated that it could meet the design requirements of the transient temperature measurement. 50 apodized-chirped FBGs, which evenly wound on the barrel, were used in the experiments, and they modulation range was from 1 532.0 to 1 548.0 nm. Transient temperature of a certain type of gun barrel was tested when it fired, and test data from the system were compared to WRP-130S high-speed temperature detector. Experimental results show that the two methods are similar ones with average error of less than 2%, and better than 1% in the region of temperature steady drop. 1 ℃ can cause 0.041 3 nm wavelength shift in temperature-wavelength data. Transient temperatures of 50 independent positions can be obtained in an acquisition, so the efficiency of the barrel temperature field reconstruction is greatly improving.