To achieve quantitative detection of unlabeled samples, a miniaturized phase microscope is independently designed using NX12.0 and related devices. Compared to the expensive phase microscopes currently on the market, the newly designed microscope has an approximately 60% smaller volume while achieving the same system resolution, significantly improving portability; it does not require coherent devices, and the cost is only approximately 5000 yuan. The system also incorporates an autofocus algorithm and a field of view correction algorithm, based on transform domain techniques, to accelerate the detection speed and accuracy of phase recovery. After testing, the resolution of the system reached the resolution board limit of 2.19 μm using a 10× objective lens. Further, the detection of random phase plates indicates that the accuracy of phase recovery also meets the basic requirements. Additionally, defects in the structure of living cells and flat glass are also tested. The results indicate that the proposed system can quantitatively measure living cells and play an important role in detecting transparent/semitransparent plane defects. They also prove the feasibility of this low-cost and portable unlabeled-sample quantification system design scheme.