Limited by the capacity of growth of agricultural production in China in recent years, reducing postharvest losses has become an important measure to increase the food supply. For a long time, farmers store grains in their households in China for household food security, but compared with developed countries, their storage skills and facilities are limited. In order to solve this problem, the Chinese government has implemented the Scientific Grain Storage Project to improve farmers’ home storage conditions and reduce the storage losses. Based on the survey data of 1202 households in 23 provinces in China, this study used the propensity score matching method to assess the impact of adopting silos and warehouses on households’ maize storage volume and storage losses. The result shows that the silos and warehouses significantly increased the households’ maize storage, and the average maize storage reached 4655.30 kg, which is 1188.87~1368.55 kg higher than non-adopters, and it alse extended the period of maize storage for 0.2 quarter. The advanced storage facilities also reduced the degree of rodent damage in the maize storage, reducing maize storage losses by 60%, and allowing farmers to save 28 to 33 kg of maize. Adopting the advanced facilities reduced the maize storage loss rate from 2.75% to 0.87%. From the policy perspective, the government should continue to implement scientific grain storage projects and encourage farmers to adopt advanced grain storage facilities.