Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) has emerged as a valuable tool for biomedical research thanks to its unique capabilities for quantifying optical thickness variation of living cells and tissues. Among many QPI methods, Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) allows long-term label-free observation and quantitative analysis of large cell populations without compromising spatial and temporal resolution. However, high spatio-temporal resolution imaging over a long-time scale (from hours to days) remains a critical challenge: optically inhomogeneous structure of biological specimens as well as mechanical perturbations and thermal fluctuations of the microscope body all result in time-varying aberration and focus drifts, significantly degrading the imaging performance for long-term study. Moreover, the aberrations are sample- and environment-dependent, and cannot be compensated by a fixed optical design, thus necessitating rapid dynamic correction in the imaging process. Here, we report an adaptive optical QPI method based on annular illumination FPM. In this method, the annular matched illumination configuration (i.e., the illumination numerical aperture (NA) strictly equals to the objective NA), which is the key for recovering low-frequency phase information, is further utilized for the accurate imaging aberration characterization. By using only 6 low-resolution images captured with 6 different illumination angles matching the NA of a 10x, 0.4 NA objective, we recover high-resolution quantitative phase images (synthetic NA of 0.8) and characterize the aberrations in real time, restoring the optimum resolution of the system adaptively. Applying our method to live-cell imaging, we achieve diffraction-limited performance (full-pitch resolution of $$655\,nm$$ at a wavelength of $$525\,nm$$ ) across a wide field of view ( $$1.77\,mm^2$$ ) over an extended period of time.