In order to enhance light absorption efficiency of graphene, a one-dimensional photonic crystal with graphene-based defect is proposed. Absorption characteristics of the structure are theoretically calculated and numerically simulated in the range from 500 nm to 1000 nm based on transfer matrix method (TMM). Dependence of absorption characteristics on period number of photonic crystal behind the defect layer, number of graphene layers, incident angle and thickness of matching layers is analyzed. Results show that the micro-cavity structure is formed after introducing graphene defects in one-dimensional photonic crystal, which causes the localization of light, and absorption of graphene is significantly improved to 100% from the visible to near-infrared bands. The visible and near-infrared absorption of graphene can be controlled by changing parameters of photonic crystal and thickness of defect layers. The absorption peak appears red-shift with the increasing of defect layer thickness.