In recent years, energy crisis and environmental pollution problem have accelerated the rapid development of energy storage field. One-dimensional nanomaterials, especially nanowire materials possess unique electron and ion transport properties due to their high length-diameter ratio, which are promising in the application of energy storage devices. In this review, the research progress of nanowire materials based on the research achievements of our group and the cutting-edge research progress in China and abroad will be summarized from three aspects, including the structural design and synthesis of nanowire materials, the application of nanowire materials in batteries and nanowire micro- and nano-devices. Finally, an outlook on the future exploration and development of electrochemical energy storage materials and devices based on nanowires will be offered as a conclusion.