Constructing a vacuum pipeline maglev high-speed train system with low vacuum operating environment to reduce air resistance and noise is an important direction for the development of higher speed rail transit technology in the future. Concrete, as an important representative of cement-based materials, is an important alternative structural material in vacuum magnetic levitation pipeline scheme and needs to address new challenges in vacuum service environment. This paper summarizes the influence of medium/high vacuum environment on characteristic peak of hydration products of hardened cement paste, the influence of medium/high vacuum environment on water transmission, shrinkage deformation and pore structure of cement-based materials, and the change law of mechanical properties of cement-based strength of materials in medium/high vacuum environment. Finally, the application direction of cement-based materials in vacuum environment is discussed and prospected in order to provide reference for the development of high-performance cement-based materials suitable for vacuum environment.