Basing on the regulations of camouflage effectiveness evaluation and the Chinese color system, the database of 64-level luminance components of CIE1976L * a * b *, LMS and lαβ color space is established, and using the histogram similarity of gray degree, the applications of above three luminance components in camouflage effectiveness evaluation are analyzed. The results show that L * component has the good uniformity, Lm component and l component are consistent with the interpretation results of human eye, respectively in the lower and the higher gray level.