In order to realize the efficient resource utilization of industrial Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process, P-type molecular sieves were prepared from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis residue with a lot of silicon and aluminum after dewaxing by alkali-fusion-hydrothermal method. The effects of Si/Al ratio, alkali/Si ratio, crystallization temperature and crystallization time on the preparation of P-type molecular sieves were systematically investigated. XRD, FT-IR, SEM and other characterization means were used to analyze the crystalline shape, morphology and structure of the molecular sieves, and the adsorption properties of P-type molecular sieves with Pb²⁺ were investigated. The results show that the P-type molecular sieves synthesized from waste slag under the conditions of n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)=6.5, n(Na₂O)/n(SiO₂)=1.8, T=90 ℃, and t=24 h have a clear and regular morphology profile, no impurity crystalline phases, the highest degree of crystallinity, which is 86.39%, and the largest specific surface area, which is 99.8 m²/g. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity of Pb²⁺ in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis waste slag-based P-type molecular sieves reaches 322.85 mg. The adsorption process is analyzed for adsorption kinetics and it is found that the process conformed to a quasi-secondary kinetic model with an adsorption equilibrium of 319.47 mg/g.