The preparation of Tb₃Al₅O₁₂ (TAG) phosphors was fabricated by the sol-gel method. Thermal analysis data confirm that an increase in the H₃BO₃ molar ratio correlates with a reduction in the transition temperature of the final phase. Concurrently, scanning electron microscopy revealed that an elevated H₃BO₃ molar ratio results in larger phosphor particle sizes. Under the excitation wavelength of 275 nm, the emission spectrum manifests multiple peaks within the 480-650 nm range, originating from the 5d→4f transitions of Tb³⁺ ions. Subsequently, the phosphor@SiO₂ aerogel composite luminescent material was successfully synthesized through a combination of physical doping and a supercritical drying process. This composite luminescent material exhibited a substantial increase in the internal quantum yield, reaching 63.64% compared to the standalone phosphor. Excited by a 355 nm laser source, the phosphor@SiO₂ aerogel composite luminescent material demonstrated the capability for wire-free, long-distance luminescence with commendable uniformity. These findings demonstrate the potential application prospects of the phosphor@SiO₂ aerogel composite luminescent material in the domain of laser emergency lighting.