The analytical study of the laser damage process can assist in the study of laser protection materials and also provide suggestions for laser processing. Therefore, a two-dimensional multi-physics field model based on COMSOL was developed for the laser ablation process of materials coated with high-reflectivity metals. Simplifying the problem of laser action on matter by using surface heat sources, the displacement field, temperature field and stress field of the destructive process were established and solved by the method of backward difference to obtain the ablation shape of the material under laser irradiation and the distribution characteristics of the temperature field and stress field. Comparing the simulation results with and without coating protection, the high reflectivity coating protection can reduce the laser ablation depth of the material by about 95% and the radial temperature and stress variation range by about 33% in the same time, which verifies the protective effect of the high reflectivity metal coating. Comparing the simulation results at different moments, the ablation depth and the temperature and stress variation range of the material increased uniformly with time. It provides a reference for the study of the laser damage process and the development of laser protective materials.