To study the polarization characteristics of metal surfaces, we analyze the physical mechanism of the interaction between light and object. First, the reflection on a target surface is divided into specular reflection, diffuse reflection, and volume scattering according to the scattering characteristics of microfacets, through which a three-component polarization bidirectional reflection distribution function model is built in this paper. Then, the model parameters are optimized by the nonlinear least square method. The simulation results based on open-source data show that in comparison with other functions, the curves fitted by the function are more consistent with the measured results and the polarization characteristics of different metal surfaces can be exactly described; moreover, the reflection information on the surface of metal materials can be accurately disclosed. This study provides new ideas for investigating the polarization properties of metal surfaces.